Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-29T20:34:21.544Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

TERMINAL CLASSIC CIRCULAR ARCHITECTURE IN THE SIBUN VALLEY, BELIZE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 April 2014

Eleanor Harrison-Buck  and
Patricia A. McAnany
Eleanor Harrison-Buck*
Affiliation:
University of New Hampshire, Department of Anthropology, 311 Huddleston Hall, 73 Main Street, Durham, NH 03824
Patricia A. McAnany
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Room 211, Alumni Building Department of Anthropology, CB# 3115, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3115
*
Email correspondence to: e.harrison-buck@unh.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Terminal Classic circular architecture has been characterized as a “non-Classic” trait stemming from Chontal-Itza groups from the Gulf lowlands who developed a long-distance, circum-peninsular trade route and established their capital city at Chichen Itza in northern Yucatan. Recent investigations of a series of circular shrines proximate to the Caribbean coast in Belize have yielded ceramics and radiocarbon dates that link these buildings to the ninth century, coeval with the early Sotuta phase at Chichen Itza (a.d. 830–900). We present an architectural comparison of circular shrines and map out a network of sites that cluster along the rivers and coast of Belize. We consider two possibilities that may not be mutually exclusive: (1) local elite emulation of northern styles following pilgrimage to Chichen Itza for political accession ceremonies, and, (2) trading diasporas involving small-scale migration of Chontal-Itza merchants along the eastern Caribbean coast.

Type
Research Article
Information
Ancient Mesoamerica , Volume 24 , Issue 2 , Fall 2013 , pp. 295 - 306
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aimers, James J., Powis, Terry G., and Awe, Jaime J. 2000 Preclassic Round Structures of the Upper Belize River Valley. Latin American Antiquity 11:71–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alt, Susan 2006 The Power of Diversity: Roles of Migration and Hybridity in Culture Change. In Leadership and Polity in Mississippian Society, edited by Butler, Brian M. and Welch, Paul D., pp. 289–308. Occasional Paper No. 33. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Andrews, Anthony P., Wyllys Andrews V, E., and Castellanos, Fernando Robles 2003 The Northern Maya Collapse and Its Aftermath. Ancient Mesoamerica 14:151–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ball, Joseph W. 1974 A Coordinate Approach to Northern Maya Prehistory. American Antiquity 39:85–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ball, Joseph W. 1986 Campeche, the Itza, and the Postclassic: A Study in Ethnohistorical Archaeology. In Late Lowland Maya Civilization: Classic to Postclassic, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A. and Andrews V, E. Wyllys, pp. 379–408. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Ball, Joseph W., and Taschek, Jennifer T. 1989 Teotihuacan's Fall and the Rise of the Itza: Realignments and Role Changes in the Terminal Classic Maya Lowlands. In Mesoamerica after the Decline of Teotihuacan, AD 700–900, edited by Diehl, Richard A. and Berlo, Janet Catherine, pp. 187–200. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Brainerd, George W. 1958 The Archaeological Ceramics of Yucatan. University of California Anthropological Records, Vol. 19. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Braswell, Geoffrey E. 2003 Introduction: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction. In The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction, edited by Braswell, Geoffrey E., pp. 1–44. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Bullard, William R. Jr. 1960 Maya Settlement Patterns in Northeastern Peten, Guatemala. American Antiquity 25:355–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carmack, Robert M. 1981 The Quiché Mayas of Utatlán: The Evolution of a Highland Guatemala Kingdom. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Carmean, Kelli, Dunning, Nicholas, and Kowalski, Jeff K. 2004 High Times in the Hill Country: A Perspective from the Terminal Classic Puuc Region. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited by Demarest, Arthur, Rice, Prudence M., and Rice, Don S., pp. 424–449. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F. 1985 Troubled Times: The Archaeology and Iconography of the Terminal Classic Southern Lowland Maya. In Fifth Palenque Round Table, 1983, edited by Robertson, Merle Greene and Fields, Virginia M., pp. 103–114. The Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane Z. 2004 Terminal Classic Status-Linked Ceramics and the Maya “Collapse”: De Facto Refuse at Caracol, Belize. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited by Demarest, Arthur A., Rice, Prudence M., and Rice, Don S., pp. 342–366. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z. 1982a Spatial and Temporal Variability in Postclassic Northern Belize. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z. 1982b The Ikilik Ceramic Complex at Nohmul, Northern Belize. Ceramica de Cultura Maya 12:71–81.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z., and Chase, Arlen F. 1982 Yucatec Influence in Terminal Classic Northern Belize. American Antiquity 47:596–614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ciudad Real, Antonio de 1872 Relación breve y verdadera de algunas cosas de las muchas que sucedieron al padre fray Alonso Ponce en las provincias de Nueva España. 2 Vols. Colección de Documentos Inéditos para la Historia de España, Vols. 57–58. Madrid.Google Scholar
Cobos P., Rafael 2004 Chichen Itza: Settlement and Hegemony during the Terminal Classic Period. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited by Demarest, Arthur A., Rice, Prudence M. and Rice, Don S., pp. 517–544. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Cobos P., Rafael 2007 Multepal or Centralized Kingship? New Evidence on Governmental Organization at Chichén Itzá. In Twin Tollans: Chichén Itzá, Tula and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Kowalski, Jeff K. and Kristan-Graham, Cynthia, pp. 315–343. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Cohen, Abner 1971 Cultural Strategies in the Organization of Trading Diasporas. In The Development of Indigenous Trade and Markets in West Africa: Studies Presented and Discussed at the Tenth International African Seminar at Fourah Bay College, Freetown, December 1969, edited by Meillassoux, Claude, pp. 266–281. Oxford University Press, London.Google Scholar
Cusick, James G. 1998 Introduction. In Studies in Culture Contact: Interaction, Culture Change and Archaeology, edited by Cusick, James G., pp. 1–20. Occasional Paper No. 25. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A., Rice, Prudence M., and Rice, Don S. (editors) 2004 The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Diehl, Richard A., and Berlo, Janet Catherine (editors) 1989 Mesoamerica after the Decline of Teotihuacan, AD 700–900. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Finsten, Laura, Kowalewski, Stephen A., Smith, Charlotte A., Borland, Mark D., and Garvin, Richard D. 1996 Circular Architecture and Symbolic Boundaries in the Mixtec Sierra, Oaxaca. Ancient Mesoamerica 7:19–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Florescano, Enrique 2006 Chichén Itzá, Teotihuacán and the Origins of the Popol Vuh. Colonial Latin American Review 15(2):129–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, John W. 1987 Maya Postclassic State Formation: Segmentary Lineage Migration in Advancing Frontiers. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Grube, Nikolai, and Krochock, Ruth J. 2007 Reading Between the Lines: Hieroglyphic Texts from Chichén Itzá and Its Neighbors. In Twin Tollans: Chichén Itzá, Tula, and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Kowalski, Jeff K. and Kristan-Graham, Cynthia, pp. 205–249. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Guderjan, Thomas H., and Garber, James F. 1995 Maya Maritime Trade, Settlement, and Populations on Ambergris Caye, Belize. Labrinthos, Lancaster, CA.Google Scholar
Guderjan, Thomas H., Preston, Tim, Beach, Timothy, and Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl 2007 The Blue Creek Archaeological Project: Report of 2006 Fieldwork. Maya Research Program, Fort Worth, Texas.Google Scholar
Guderjan, Thomas H., Preston, Tim, Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl, and Bozarth, Steven 2009 Understanding the Causes of Abandonment in the Maya Lowlands. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 24(2):99–121.Google Scholar
Haberland, Wolfgang 1958 An Early Mound at Louisville, British Honduras. Man 58:128–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, Norman 1975 Maya Settlement Hierarchy in Northern Belize. In Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility, No. 27:40–55. Los Angeles, CA.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman 1983 Nohmul, Belize: 1982 Investigations. Journal of Field Archaeology 10:245–254.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman 1985 Nohmul: A Prehistoric Maya Community in Belize: Excavations 1973–1983. BAR International Series 250. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman, Clarke, Amanda, and Robin, Cynthia. 1991 Middle Preclassic Buildings and Burials at Cuello, Belize: 1990 Investigations. Latin American Antiquity 2:352–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, Norman, Clark, Catherine, Horton, Mark, Hodges, Mark, McNatt, Logan, Kosakowsky, Laura J., and Pyburn, Anne 1985 Excavation and Survey at Nohmul, Belize. Journal of Field Archaeology 12:177–200.Google Scholar
Harrison-Buck, Eleanor 2002 The Feathered Serpent and Mesoamerican Transformations during the Epiclassic: A View from the Sibun River Valley in Belize. Paper presented at the Fourth International Belize Conference and the Fourth British Caribbean Geography Seminar. San Ignacio, Belize.Google Scholar
Harrison-Buck, Eleanor 2007 Materializing Identity among the Terminal Classic Maya: Architecture & Ceramics in the Sibun Valley, Belize. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Archaeology, Boston University. Boston. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Harrison-Buck, Eleanor 2012 Architecture as Animate Landscape: Circular Shrines in the Ancient Maya Lowlands. American Anthropologist. 114:64–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison-Buck, Eleanor (editor) 2011 Surveying the Crossroads in the Middle Belize Valley: A Report of the 2011 Belize River East Archaeology Project. Occasional Paper No. 5. University of New Hampshire, Durham. Electronic document, http://www.breaproject.org/DOWNLOADS/BREA2011_Report.pdfGoogle Scholar
Harrison-Buck, Eleanor (editor) 2013 Archaeology in the Middle Belize Valley. Occasional Paper No. 6. University of New Hampshire, Durham. Electronic document, http://www.breaproject.org/DOWNLOADS/BREA2012_Report.pdfGoogle Scholar
Harrison-Buck, Eleanor, McAnany, Patricia A., and Storey, Rebecca 2007 Empowered and Disempowered: Terminal Classic Maya Burial and Termination Rituals in the Sibun Valley, Belize. In New Perspectives on Human Sacrifice and Ritual Body Treatments in Ancient Maya Society, edited by Tiesler, Vera and Cucina, Andrea, pp. 74–101. Springer Science and Business Media, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison-Buck, Eleanor, Moriarty, Ellen Spensley, and McAnany, Patricia A. 2013 Classic Maya Ceramic Hybridity in the Sibun Valley of Belize. In The Archaeology of Hybrid Material Culture, edited by Card, Jeb, pp. 185–206. Occasional Paper No. 39. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe G. B. 2006 A Summary of the 1999–2002 Seasons of Archaeological Investigations at Pook's Hill, Cayo District, Belize. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 3:173–191.Google Scholar
Knapp, A. Bernard 2008 Prehistoric and Protohistoric Cyprus: Identity, Insularity and Connectivity. Oxford University Press, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kowalski, Jeff K. 1989 Who Am I among the Itza?: Links between Northern Yucatan and the Western Maya Lowlands and Highlands. In Mesoamerica after the Decline of Teotihuacan, AD 700–900, edited by Diehl, Richard A. and Berlo, Janet Catherine, pp. 173–185. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Kowalski, Jeff K. 2007 What's “Toltec” at Uxmal and Chichén Itzá? Merging Maya and Mesoamerican Worldviews and World Systems in Terminal Classic to Early Postclassic Yucatan. In Twin Tollans: Chichén Itzá, Tula, and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Kowalski, Jeff K. and Kristan-Graham, Cynthia, pp. 251–313. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Kowalski, Jeff K., Alfredo Barrera R., Heber Ojeda M., and José Huchim H. 1994 Archaeological Excavations of a Round Temple at Uxmal: Summary Discussion and Implications for Northern Maya Culture History. In Eighth Palenque Round Table, 1993, edited by Robertson, Merle Green, Macri, Martha J. and McHargue, Jan, pp. 281–296. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Kristan-Graham, Cynthia, and Kowalski, Jeff K. 2007 Chichén Itzá, Tula, and Tollan: Changing Perspectives on a Recurring Problem in Mesoamerican Archaeology and Art History. In Twin Tollans: Chichén Itzá, Tula, and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Kowalski, Jeff K. and Kristan-Graham, Cynthia, pp. 13–83. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Lothrop, Samuel K. 1924 Tulum: An Archaeological Study of the East Coast of Yucatan. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 335, Washington, DC.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 2007 Culture Heroes and Feathered Serpents: The Contribution of Gordon R. Willey to the Study of Ideology. In Gordon R. Willey and American Archaeology: Contemporary Perspectives, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A. & Fash, William L., pp. 209–231. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 2012 Terminal Classic Maya Heterodoxy and Shrine Vernacularism in the Sibun Valley, Belize. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 22:115–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A., Thomas, Ben, Morandi, Steven, Peterson, Polly Ann, and Harrison, Eleanor 2002 Praise the Ajaw and Pass the Kakaw: Xibun Maya and the Political Economy of Cacao. In Ancient Maya Political Economies, edited by Masson, Marilyn A. and Freidel, David A., pp. 123–139. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.Google Scholar
Milbrath, Susan and Carlos Peraza L. 2003 Revisiting Mayapan: Mexico's last Maya capital. Ancient Mesoamerica 14:1–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milbrath, Susan and Carlos Peraza L. 2009 Survival and Revival of Terminal Classic Traditions at Postclassic Mayapán. Latin American Antiquity 20:581–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peraza Lope, Carlos, Masson, Marilyn A., Hare, Timothy S., and Kú, Pedro Candelario Delgado 2006 The Chronology of Mayapan: New Radiocarbon Evidence. Ancient Mesoamerica 17:153–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pérez de Heredia Puente, Eduardo J. 2010 Ceramic Contexts and Chronology at Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Archaeology, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.Google Scholar
Pérez de Heredia Puente, Eduardo J. 2012 The Yabnal-Motul Ceramic Complex of the Late Classic Period At Chichen Itza. Ancient Mesoamerica 23:379–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollock, Harry E. D. 1936a Round Structures of Aboriginal Middle America. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 471, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Pollock, Harry E. D. 1936b The Casa Redonda at Chichen Itza, Yucatan. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 456, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana 1950 A Study of Classic Maya Sculpture. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 593, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. and Forsyth, Donald W. 2004 Terminal Classic-Period Lowland Ceramics. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited by Demarest, Arthur A., Rice, Prudence M., and Rice, Don S., pp. 43–77. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Ricketson, Oliver G., and Ricketson, Edith B. 1937 Uaxactun, Guatemala: Group E, 1926–1931. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 477, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Ringle, William M. 2004 On the Political Organization of Chichen Itza. Ancient Mesoamerica 15:167–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ringle, William M. and Bey III, George J. 2009 The Face of Chichen Itza. In The Art of Urbanism: How Mesoamerican Kingdoms Represented Themselves in Architecture and Imagery, edited by Fash, William L. and López Luján, Leonardo, pp. 329–383. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Ringle, William M., Bey III, George J., Freeman, Tara Bond, Hanson, Craig A., Houck, Charles W., and Smith, J. Gregory 2004 The Decline of the East: The Classic to Postclassic Transition at Ek Balam, Yucatan. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited by Demarest, Arthur A., Rice, Prudence M., and Rice, Don S., pp. 485–516. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Ringle, William M., Negrón, Tomás Gallareta, and Bey III, George J. 1998 The Return of Quetzalcoatl: Evidence for the Spread of a World Religion during the Epiclassic Period. Ancient Mesoamerica 9:183–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rojas, Gabriel de 1927 [1581] Relación de Cholula. Revista méxicana de estudios históricos 1:158–169.Google Scholar
Rosenswig, Robert M., and Masson, Marilyn A. 2002 Transformation of the Terminal Classic to Postclassic Architectural Landscape at Caye Coco, Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 13:213–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruppert, Karl 1935 The Caracol at Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 454, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Sabloff, Jeremy A. 1973 Continuity and Disruption During Terminal Late Classic Times at Seibal: Ceramic and Other Evidence. In The Classic Maya Collapse, edited by Culbert, T. Patrick, pp. 107–132. School of American Research, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Sabloff, Jeremy A. 1982 Analyses of Fine Paste Ceramics. In Excavations at Seibal, Department of Peten Guatemala, III, Vol. 2, edited by Willey, Gordon R.. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, No. 15. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Sabloff, Jeremy A., and Willey, Gordon R. 1967 The Collapse of Maya Civilization in the Southern Lowlands: A Consideration of History and Process. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 23:311–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scholes, France V., and Roys, Ralph L. 1968 The Maya Chontal Indians of Acalan-Tixchel: A Contribution to the History and Ethnography of the Yucatan Peninsula. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 560, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Sidrys, Raymond V., and Andresen, John M. 1978 A Second Round Structure From Northern Belize, Central America. Man (NS) 13:638–650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Alfred L. 1982 Major Architecture and Caches. In Excavations at Seibal, Department of Peten Guatemala, III, Vol. 1, edited by Willey, Gordon R.. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, No. 15. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Stein, Gil 2002 Colonies without Colonialism: A Trade Diaspora Model of Fourth Millennium B.C. Mesopotamian Enclaves in Anatolia. In The Archaeology of Colonialism, edited by Lyons, Claire L. and Papadopoulos, John K., pp. 26–64. Getty Publications, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Suhler, Charles, Ardren, Traci, Freidel, David and Johnstone, Dave 2004 The Rise and Fall of Terminal Classic Yaxuna Yucatan, Mexico. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited by Demarest, Arthur A., Rice, Prudence M., and Rice, Don S., pp.450–484. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl 2001 The Breath of Life: The Symbolism of Wind in Mesoamerica and the American Southwest. In The Road to Aztlan: Art from a Mythic Homeland, edited by Fields, Virginia and Zamudio-Taylor, Victor, pp. 102–123. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Tedlock, Barbara 2010 Theorizing Divinatory Acts: The Integrative Discourse of Dream Oracles. In Divination: Perspectives for a New Millennium, edited by Curry, Patrick, pp. 11–24. Ashgate Publishing, Burlington, VT.Google Scholar
Tedlock, Dennis 1996 Popol Vuh: The Definitive Edition of the Maya Book of the Dawn of Life and the Glories of Gods and Kings. Simon and Schuster, New York.Google Scholar
Thomas, Ben S. 2005 Maya Settlement and Political Hierarchy in the Sibun River Valley, Belize, Central America. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Archaeology, Boston University. Boston.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. Eric S. 1970 Maya History and Religion. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Tozzer, Alfred M. 1957 Chichén Itzá and Its Cenote of Sacrifice: A Comparative Study of Contemporaneous Maya and Toltec. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vols. 11 and 12. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Vargas, Ernesto Pacheco 1997 Tulum: Organización político-territorial de la costa oriental de Quintana Roo. Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Vargas, Ernesto Pacheco 2001 Itzámkanac y Acalan: Tiempos de crisis anticipando el futuro. Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Walker, Debra 1990 Cerros Revisited: Ceramic Indicators of Terminal Classic and Postclassic Settlement and Pilgrimage in Northern Belize. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas.Google Scholar
Źrałka, Jarosław 2008 Terminal Classic Occupation in the Maya Sites Located in the Area of Triangulo Park, Petén, Guatemala. Prace Archeologiczne No. 62. Jagiellonian University Press, Kraków.Google Scholar
Źrałka, Jarosław, and Hermes, Bernard 2012 Great Development in Troubled Times: The Terminal Classic at the Maya Site of Nakum, Peten, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica 23:161–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar