Hostname: page-component-cb9f654ff-kl2l2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-08-12T01:26:56.794Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Porcine circovirus diseases

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 March 2007

Joaquim Segalés ,
Gordon M. Allan  and
Mariano Domingo
Joaquim Segalés*
Affiliation:
Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
Gordon M. Allan
Affiliation:
Virology Department, Veterinary Research Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road Stormont, DARDNI, Stormont BT4 3SD, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
Mariano Domingo
Affiliation:
Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
*
*Corresponding author: Email: joaquim.segales@uab.es
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a member of the family Circoviridae, a recently established virus family composed of small, non-enveloped viruses, with a circular, single-stranded DNA genome. PCV2, which is found all over the world in the domestic pig and probably the wild boar, has been recently associated with a number of disease syndromes, which have been collectively named porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD). Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) and reproductive disorders are the most relevant ones. Among them, only PMWS is considered to have a severe impact on domestic swine production. PMWS mainly affects nursery and/or fattening pigs; wasting is considered the most representative clinical sign in this disease. Diagnosis of this disease is confirmed by histopathological examination of lymphoid tissues and detection of a moderate to high amount of PCV2 in damaged tissues. Since PMWS is considered a multifactorial disease in which other factors in addition to PCV2 are needed in most cases to trigger the clinical disease, effective control measures have focused on the understanding of the co-factors involved in individual farms and the control or elimination of these triggers. PDNS, an immuno-complex disease characterized by fibrino-necrotizing glomerulonephritis and systemic necrotizing vasculitis, has been linked to PCV2, but a definitive proof of this association is still lacking. PCV2-associated reproductive disease seems to occur very sporadically under field conditions, but it has been characterized by late-term abortions and stillbirths, extensive fibrosing and/or necrotizing myocarditis in fetuses and the presence of moderate to high amounts of PCV2 in these lesions. Taking into account that scientific information on PCV2 and its associated diseases has been markedly expanded in the last 8 years, the objective of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge of the most relevant aspects of PCV2 biology and PCVD.

Keywords

porcine circovirus type 2pigpostweaning multisystemic wasting syndromeporcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndromereproductive disease

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 6 , Issue 2 , December 2005 , pp. 119 - 142
Copyright
Copyright © CAB International 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Albina, E, Truong, C, Hutet, E, Blanchard, P, Cariolet, R, L'Hospitalier, R, Mahe, D, Allee, C, Morvan, H, Amenna, N, Le Dimna, M, Madec, F and Jestin, A (2001). An experimental model for post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in growing piglets. Journal of Comparative Pathology 125: 292–303.Google Scholar
Allan, GM and Ellis, JA (2000). Porcine circoviruses: a review. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 12: 3–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allan, GM, Phenix, K, Todd, D and McNulty, M (1994). Some biological and physico-chemical properties or porcine circovirus. Journal of Veterinary Medicine B 41: 17–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allan, GM, McNeilly, F, Cassidy, JP, Reilly, GAC, Adair, BM, Ellis, WA and McNulty, MS (1995). Pathogenesis of porcine circovirus: experimental infections of colostrum deprived piglets and examination of pig foetal material. Veterinary Microbiology 44: 49–64.Google Scholar
Allan, GM, McNeilly, F, Kennedy, S, Daft, B, Clarke, EG, Ellis, JA, Haines, DM, Meehan, BM and Adair, BM (1998). Isolation of porcine circovirus-like viruses from pigs with a wasting disease in the USA and Europe. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 10: 3–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allan, GM, Kennedy, S, McNeilly, F, Foster, JC, Ellis, JA, Krakowka, SJ, Meehan, BM and Adair, BM (1999a). Experimental reproduction of severe wasting disease by co-infection of pigs with porcine circovirus and porcine parvovirus. Journal of Comparative Pathology 121: 1–11.Google Scholar
Allan, GM, McNeilly, F, Meehan, BM, Kennedy, S, Mackie, DP, Ellis, JA, Clark, EG, Espuña, E, Saubi, N, Riera, P, Botner, A and Charreyre, CE (1999b). Isolation and characterisation of circoviruses from pigs with wasting syndromes in Spain, Denmark and Northern Ireland. Veterinary Microbiology 66: 115–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allan, GM, McNeilly, E, Kennedy, S, Meehan, B, Moffett, D, Malone, F, Ellis, J and Krakowka, S (2000a). PCV-2-associated PDNS in Northern Ireland in 1990. Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome. Veterinary Record 146: 711–712.Google ScholarPubMed
Allan, GM, McNeilly, F, McNair, I, Curran, MD, Walker, I, Ellis, J, Konoby, C, Kennedy, S and Meehan, B (2000b). Absence of evidence for porcine circovirus type 2 in cattle and humans, and lack of seroconversion or lesions in experimentally infected sheep. Archives of Virology 145: 853–857.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allan, GM, McNeilly, F, McNair, I, O'Connor, M, Meehan, B, Gilpin, D, Ellis, J, Townsend, H, Lasagna, C, Boriosi, G and Krakowka, S (2001). Neonatal vaccination for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome: a field trial. Pig Journal 48: 34–41.Google Scholar
Allan, G, Krakowka, S and Ellis, J (2002a). PCV2: ticking time bomb. Pig Progress 18: 14–15.Google Scholar
Allan, G, McNeilly, F, McNair, I, Meehan, B, Marshall, M, Ellis, J, Lasagna, C, Boriosi, G, Krakowka, S, Reynaud, G, Boeuf-Tedeschi, L, Bublot, M and Charreyre, C (2002b). Passive transfer of maternal antibodies to PCV2 protects against development of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS): experimental infections and a field study. Pig Journal 50: 59–67.Google Scholar
Allan, G, McNeilly, F, Meehan, B, McNair, I, Ellis, J, Krakowka, S, Fossum, C, Wattrang, E, Wallgren, P and Adair, B (2003). Reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs experimentally inoculated with a Swedish porcine circovirus 2 isolate. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 15: 553–560.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armstrong, D and Bishop, SC (2004). Does genetics or litter effect influence mortality in PMWS. In: Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, p. 809.Google Scholar
Baebko, P, Hassing, AG, Olsen, P, Lorenzen, B, Wachmann, H and Lauridsen, C (2004). Vitamin E and postweaning mortality in PMWS affected herds. In: Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, p. 62.Google Scholar
Balasch, M, Segalés, J, Rosell, C, Domingo, M, Mankertz, A, Urniza, A and Plana-Durán, J (1999). Experimental inoculation of conventional pigs with tissue homogenates from pigs with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Journal of Comparative Pathology 121: 139–148.Google Scholar
Bassaganya-Riera, J, Pogranichniy, RM, Jobgen, SC, Halbur, PG, Yoon, KJ, O'Shea, M, Mohede, I and Hontecillas, R (2003). Conjugated linoleic acid ameliorates viral infectivity in a pig model of virally induced immunosuppression. Journal of Nutrition 133: 3204–3214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanchard, P, Mahe, D, Cariolet, R, Keranflec'h, A, Baudouard, MA, Cordioli, P, Albina, E and Jestin, A (2003a). Protection of swine against post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) proteins. Vaccine 21: 4565–4575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanchard, P, Mahe, D, Cariolet, R, Truong, C, Le Dimna, M, Arnauld, C, Rose, N, Eveno, E, Albina, E, Madec, F and Jestin, A (2003b). An ORF2 protein-based ELISA for porcine circovirus type 2 antibodies in post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Veterinary Microbiology 94: 183–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolin, SR, Stoffregen, WC, Nayar, GP and Hamel, AL (2001). Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome induced after experimental inoculation of cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets with type 2 porcine circovirus. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 13: 185–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calsamiglia, M, Segalés, J, Quintana, J, Rosell, C and Domingo, M (2002). Detection of porcine circovirus types 1 and 2 in serum and tissue samples of pigs with and without postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40: 1848–1850.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calsamiglia, M, Olvera, A, Segalés, J and Domingo, M (2004a). Quantification of PCV2 in different routes of excretion: possible transmission routes and correlation with presence of PMWS characteristic lesions. In: Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, p. 11.Google Scholar
Calsamiglia, M, Segalés, J, Fraile, L, Espinal, A, Seminati, C, Martin, M, Mateu, E and Domingo, M (2004b). Sow effect on litter mortality in a swine integration system experiencing postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) In: Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, p. 78.Google Scholar
Cariolet, R, Blanchard, P, Le Dimma, M, Mahé, D, Jolly, JP, De Boisseson, C, Truong, C, Ecobichon, P, Madec, F and Jestin, A (2001a). Experimental infection of pregnant SPF sows with PCV2 through tracheal and muscular routes. In: Proceedings of the ssDNA Viruses Plants, Birds, Pigs and Primates (ESVV) Meeting, p. 128.Google Scholar
Cariolet, R, Blanchard, P, Le Dimma, M, Mahé, D, Keranflech, A, Julou, P, Beaurepaire, B, De Boisseson, C, Truong, C and Jestin, A (2001b). Consequences of PCV2 experimental infection of non immune SPF sows using the intra uterine route. In: Proceedings of the ssDNA Viruses Plants, Birds, Pigs and Primates (ESVV) Meeting, p. 129.Google Scholar
Carrasco, L, Segalés, J, Bautista, MJ, Gómez-Villamandos, JC, Rosell, C, Ruiz-Villamor, E and Sierra, MA (2000). Intestinal chlamydial infection concurrent with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs. Veterinary Record 146: 21–23.Google Scholar
Cheung, AK (2003). The essential and nonessential transcription units for viral protein synthesis and DNA replication of porcine circovirus type 2. Virology 313: 452–459.Google Scholar
Cheung, AK and Bolin, SR (2002). Kinetics of porcine circovirus type 2 replication. Archives of Virology 147: 43–58.Google Scholar
Chianini, F, Majó, N, Segalés, J, Domínguez, J and Domingo, M (2003). Immunohistochemical characterisation of PCV2 associate lesions in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues of pigs with natural postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 94: 63–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choi, C and Chae, C (2002). Colocalization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus 2 in porcine dermatitis and nephrology syndrome by double-labeling technique. Veterinary Pathology 38: 436–441.Google Scholar
Clark, E (1996). Post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. In: Proceedings of the Western Canadian Association of Swine Practitioners, pp. 19–20.Google Scholar
Clark, E (1997). Post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Swine Practitioners, pp. 499–501.Google Scholar
Corrégé, I, Pirouelle, D, Gaudré, D and LeTiran, MH (2001). La Maladie de l'Amaigrissement du Porcelet (MAP): influence de différents paramètres zootechniques sur son incidence dans un élevage expérimental. Journees de la Recherche Porcine de France 33: 283–290.Google Scholar
Daft, B, Nordhausen, RW, Latimer, KS and Niagro, FD (1996). Interstitial pneumonia and lymphadenopathy associated with circoviral infection in a 6-week-old pig. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, p. 32.Google Scholar
Darwich, L, Segalés, J, Domingo, M and Mateu, E (2002). Changes in CD4(+), CD8(+), CD4(+) CD8(+), and immunoglobulin M-positive peripheral blood mononuclear cells of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome-affected pigs and age-matched uninfected wasted and healthy pigs correlate with lesions and porcine circovirus type 2 load in lymphoid tissues. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratorial Immunology 9: 236–242.Google Scholar
Darwich, L, Balasch, M, Plana-Duran, J, Segalés, J, Domingo, M and Mateu, E (2003a). Cytokine profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in response to mitogen, superantigen or recall viral antigens. Journal of General Virology 84: 3453–3457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darwich, L, Pie, S, Rovira, A, Segalés, J, Domingo, M, Oswald, IP and Mateu, E (2003b). Cytokine mRNA expression profiles in lymphoid tissues of pigs naturally affected by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Journal of General Virology 84: 2117–2125.Google Scholar
Darwich, L, Segalés, J and Mateu, E (2004). Pathogenesis of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome caused by porcine circovirus 2: an immune riddle. Archives of Virology 149: 857–874.Google Scholar
De Boisseson, C, Beven, V, Bigarre, L, Thiery, R, Rose, N, Eveno, E, Madec, F and Jestin, A (2004). Molecular characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 isolates from post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome-affected and non-affected pigs. Journal of General Virology 85: 293–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donadeu, M, Waddilove, J and Marco, E (2003). European management strategies to control postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. In: Proceedings of the Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, pp. 136–142.Google Scholar
Drolet, R, Thibault, S, D'Allaire, S, Thomson, JR and Done, SH (1999). Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS): an overview of the disease. Journal of Swine Health and Production 7: 283–285.Google Scholar
Drolet, R, Larochelle, R, Morin, M, Delisle, B and Magar, R (2003). Detection rates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine circovirus type 2, and swine influenza virus in porcine proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia. Veterinary Pathology 40: 143–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dulac, G and Afshar, A (1989). Porcine circovirus antigens in PK-15 cell line (ATCC CCL-33) and evidence of antibodies to circovirus in Canadian pigs. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 53: 431–433.Google Scholar
Edwards, S and Sands, J (1994). Evidence of porcine circovirus infection in British pigs. Veterinary Record 134: 680–681.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellis, J, Hassard, L, Clark, E, Harding, J, Allan, G, Willson, P, Strokappe, J, Martin, K, McNeilly, F, Meehan, B, Todd, D and Haines, D (1998). Isolation of circovirus from lesions of pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Canadian Veterinary Journal 39: 44–51.Google Scholar
Ellis, J, Krakowka, S, Lairmore, M, Haines, D, Bratanich, A, Clark, E, Allan, G, Konoby, C, Hassard, L, Meehan, B, Martin, K, Harding, J, Kennedy, S and McNeilly, F (1999). Reproduction of lesions of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in gnotobiotic piglets. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 11: 3–14.Google Scholar
Ellis, JA, Wiseman, BM, Allan, G, Konoby, C, Krakowka, S, Meehan, BM and McNeilly, F (2000). Analysis of seroconversion to porcine circovirus 2 among veterinarians from the United States and Canada. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 217: 1645–1646.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, JA, Konoby, C, West, KH, Allan, GM, Krakowka, S, McNeilly, F, Meehan, B and Walker, I (2001). Lack of antibodies to porcine circovirus type 2 virus in beef and dairy cattle and horses in western Canada. Canadian Veterinary Journal 42: 461–464.Google ScholarPubMed
Ellis, J, Spinato, M, Yong, C, West, K, McNeilly, F, Meehan, B, Kennedy, S, Clark, E, Krakowka, S and Allan, G (2003). Porcine circovirus 2-associated disease in Eurasian wild boar. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 15: 364–368.Google Scholar
Ellis, J, Clark, E, Haines, D, West, K, Krakowka, S, Kennedy, S and Allan, GM (2004). Porcine circovirus-2 and concurrent infections in the field. Veterinary Microbiology 98: 159–163.Google Scholar
Fenaux, M, Halbur, PG, Haqshenas, G, Royer, R, Thomas, P, Nawagitgul, P, Gill, M, Toth, TE and Meng, XJ (2002). Cloned genomic DNA of type 2 porcine circovirus is infectious when injected directly into the liver and lymph nodes of pigs: characterization of clinical disease, virus distribution, and pathologic lesions. Journal of Virology 76: 541–551.Google Scholar
Fenaux, M, Opriessnig, T, Halbur, PG and Meng, XJ (2003). Immunogenicity and pathogenicity of chimeric infectious DNA clones of pathogenic porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and nonpathogenic PCV1 in weaning pigs. Journal of Virology 77: 11232–11243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenaux, M, Opriessnig, T, Halbur, PG, Elvinger, F and Meng, XJ (2004a). A chimeric porcine circovirus (PCV) with the immunogenic capsid gene of the pathogenic PCV type 2 (PCV2) cloned into the genomic backbone of the nonpathogenic PCV1 induces protective immunity against PCV2 infection in pigs. Journal of Virology 78: 6297–6303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fenaux, M, Opriessnig, T, Halbur, PG, Elvinger, F and Meng, XJ (2004b). Two amino acid mutations in the capsid protein of type 2 porcine circovirus (PCV2) enhanced PCV2 replication in vitro and attenuated the virus in vivo. Journal of Virology 78: 13440–13446.Google Scholar
Ferreira, D, Sansot, B and Laval, A (2001). Attempt to use serotherapy to control mortality in PMWS. In: Proceedings of the ssDNA Viruses Plants, Birds, Pigs and Primates (ESVV) Meeting, p. 144.Google Scholar
Gilpin, DF, Stevenson, LS, McCullough, K, Krakowka, S, Meehan, BM, McNeilly, F, Foster, C, Adair, B, Welsh, M and Allan, BM (2001). Studies on the in vitro and in vivo effect of porcine circovirus type 2 infection of porcine monocytic cells. In: Proceedings of the ssDNA Viruses Plants, Birds, Pigs and Primates (ESVV) Meeting, p. 97.Google Scholar
Gilpin, DF, McCullough, K, Meehan, BM, McNeilly, F, McNair, I, Stevenson, LS, Foster, JC, Ellis, JA, Krakowka, S, Adair, BM and Allan, GM (2003). In vitro studies on the infection and replication of porcine circovirus type 2 in cells of the porcine immune system. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 94: 149–161.Google Scholar
Gresham, A, Giles, N and Weaver, J (2000). PMWS and porcine dermatitis nephropathy syndrome in Great Britain. Veterinary Record 147: 115.Google Scholar
Grierson, SS, King, DP, Sandvik, T, Hicks, D, Spencer, Y, Drew, TW and Banks, M (2004). Detection and genetic typing of type 2 porcine circoviruses in archived pig tissues from the UK. Archives of Virology 149: 1171–1183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guilmoto, H and Wessel-Robert, S (2000). Control of PMWS in Brittany: a mainly zootechnical approach. In: PMWS: a New Emerging Disease of Swine. Merial Symposium, Melbourne, Australia. pp. 45–55.Google Scholar
Ha, Y and Chae, C (2005). Lack of evidence of porcine circovirus type 1 and type 2 infection in piglets with congenital tremors in Korea. Veterinary Record 156: 383–384.Google Scholar
Halbur, PG (2001). PRRS virus and co-infections: research summaries and their practicial implications. In: Proceedings of the Iowa State University Conference for Swine Practioners, pp. 162–166.Google Scholar
Hamel, AL, Lin, LL and Nayar, GPS (1998). Nucleotide sequence of porcine circovirus associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs. Journal of Virology 72: 5262–5267.Google Scholar
Hamel, AL, Lin, LL, Sachvie, C, Grudeski, E and Nayar, GP (2000). PCR detection and characterization of type-2 porcine circovirus. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 64: 44–52.Google Scholar
Harding, JC (1996). Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome: preliminary epidemiology and clinical findings. In: Proceedings of the Western Canadian Association of Swine Practitioners, p. 21.Google Scholar
Harding, JCS and Clark, EG (1997). Recognizing and diagnosing postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) Journal of Swine Health and Production 5: 201–203.Google Scholar
Harms, PA, Sorden, SD, Halbur, PG, Bolin, S, Lager, K, Morozov, I and Paul, PS (2001). Experimental reproduction of severe disease in CD/CD pigs concurrently infected with type 2 porcine circovirus and PRRSV. Veterinary Pathology 38: 528–539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harms, PA, Halbur, PG and Sorden, SD (2002). Three cases of porcine respiratory disease complex associated with porcine circovirus type 2 infection. Journal of Swine Health and Production 10: 33–38.Google Scholar
Hassing, AG, Kristensen, CS, Baebko, P and Wachmann, H (2004). Effect of sow on the mortality of pigs after weaning in PMWS herds. In: Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, p. 76.Google Scholar
Hasslung, FC, Berg, M, Allan, GM, Meehan, BM, McNeilly, F and Fossum, C (2003). Identification of a sequence from the genome of porcine circovirus type 2 with an inhibitory effect on IFN-alpha production by porcine PBMCs. Journal of General Virology 84: 2937–2945.Google Scholar
Hasslung, F, Wallgren, P, Ladekjaer-Mikkelsen, AS, Botner, A, Nielsen, J, Wattrang, E, Allan, GM, McNeilly, F, Ellis, J, Timmusk, S, Belak, K, Segall, T, Meilin, L, Berg, M and Fossum, C (2005). Experimental reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigs in Sweden and Denmark with a Swedish isolate of porcine circovirus type 2. Veterinary Microbiology 106: 49–60.Google Scholar
Helie, P, Drolet, R, Germain, MC and Bourgault, A (1995). Systemic necrotizing vasculitis and glomerulonephritis in grower pigs in southwestern Quebec. Canadian Veterinary Journal 36: 150–154.Google Scholar
Hirai, T, Nunoya, T, Ihara, T, Kusanagi, K and Shibuya, K (2001). Dual infection with PCV-2 and porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus in neonatal piglets. Veterinary Record 148: 482–484.Google Scholar
Johnson, CS, Joo, HS, Direksin, K, Yoon, KJ and Choi, YK (2002). Experimental in utero inoculation of late-term swine fetuses with porcine circovirus type 2. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 14: 507–512.Google Scholar
Kennedy, S, Moffett, D, McNeilly, F, Meehan, B, Ellis, J, Krakowka, S and Allan, GM (2000). Reproduction of lesions of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome by infection of conventional pigs with porcine circovirus type 2 alone or in combination with porcine parvovirus. Journal of Comparative Pathology 122: 9–24.Google Scholar
Kennedy, S, Segalés, J, Rovira, A, Scholes, S, Domingo, M, Moffett, D, Meehan, B, O'Neill, R, McNeilly, F and Allan, G (2003). Absence of evidence of porcine circovirus infection in piglets with congenital tremors. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 15: 151–156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, J and Chae, C (2001). Optimized protocols for the detection of porcine circovirus 2 DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues using nested polymerase chain reaction and comparison of nested PCR with in situ hybridization. Journal of Virological Methods 92: 105–111.Google Scholar
Kim, J, Jung, K and Chae, C (2004). Prevalence of porcine circovirus type 2 in aborted fetuses and stillborn piglets. Veterinary Record 155: 489–492.Google Scholar
Kiupel, M, Stevenson, GW, Kanitz, CL, Anothayanontha, L, Latimer, KS and Mittal, SK (1999). Cellular localization of porcine circovirus in postweaning pigs with chronic wasting disease. European Journal of Veterinary Pathology 5: 77–82.Google Scholar
Kiupel, M, Stevenson, GW, Choi, J, Latimer, KS, Kanitz, CL and Mittal, SK (2001). Viral replication and lesions in BALB/c mice experimentally inoculated with porcine circovirus isolated from a pig with postweaning multisystemic wasting disease. Veterinary Pathology 38: 74–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krakowka, S, Ellis, JA, Meehan, B, Kennedy, S, McNeilly, F and Allan, G (2000). Viral wasting syndrome of swine: experimental reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in gnotobiotic swine by coinfection with porcine circovirus 2 and porcine parvovirus. Veterinary Pathology 37: 254–263.Google Scholar
Krakowka, S, Ellis, JA, McNeilly, F, Ringler, S, Rings, DM and Allan, G (2001). Activation of the immune system is the pivotal event in the production of wasting disease in pigs infected with porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2). Veterinary Pathology 38: 31–42.Google Scholar
Krakowka, S, Ellis, J, McNeilly, F, Waldner, C, Rings, M and Allan, G (2005). Commercial mycoplasmal vaccines and potentiation of PCV2 infection. In: Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Swine Veterinarians, pp. 259–261.Google Scholar
Kyriakis, SC, Saoulidis, K, Lekkas, S, Miliotis, CC, Papoutsis, PA and Kennedy, S (2002). The effects of immuno-modulation on the clinical and pathological expression of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Journal of Comparative Pathology 126: 38–46.Google Scholar
Ladekjaer-Mikkelsen, AS, Nielsen, J, Storgaard, T, Botner, A, Allan, G and McNeilly, F (2001). Transplacental infection with PCV-2 associated with reproductive failure in a gilt. Veterinary Record 148: 759–760.Google Scholar
Ladekjaer-Mikkelsen, AS, Nielsen, J, Stadejek, T, Storgaard, T, Krakowka, S, Ellis, J, McNeilly, F, Allan, G and Botner, A (2002). Reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in immunostimulated and non-immunostimulated 3-week-old piglets experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Veterinary Microbiology 89: 97–114.Google Scholar
Lainson, FA, Aitchison, KD, Donachie, W and Thomson, JR (2002). Typing of Pasteurella multocida isolated from pigs with and without porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40: 588–593.Google Scholar
Larochelle, R, Morin, M, Antaya, M and Magar, R (1999). Identification and incidence of porcine circovirus in routine field cases in Quebec as determined by PCR. Veterinary Record 145: 140–142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larochelle, R, Bielanski, A, Muller, P and Magar, R (2000). PCR detection and evidence of shedding of porcine circovirus type 2 in boar semen. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38: 4629–4632.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larochelle, R, Magar, R and D'Allaire, S (2002). Genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) strains from cases presenting various clinical conditions. Virus Research 90: 101–112.Google Scholar
Larochelle, R, Magar, R and D'Allaire, S (2003). Comparative serologic and virologic study of commercial swine herds with and without postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 67: 114–120.Google Scholar
LeCann, P, Albina, E, Madec, F, Cariolet, R and Jestin, A (1997). Piglet wasting disease. Veterinary Record 141: 660.Google Scholar
Lekcharoensuk, P, Morozov, I, Paul, PS, Thangthumniyom, N, Wajjawalku, W and Meng, XJ (2004). Epitope mapping of the major capsid protein of type 2 porcine circovirus (PCV2) by using chimeric PCV1 and PCV2. Journal of Virology 78: 8135–8145.Google Scholar
Liu, Q, Wang, L, Willson, P and Babiuk, LA (2000). Quantitative, competitive PCR analysis of porcine circovirus DNA in serum from pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38: 3474–3477.Google Scholar
Liu, J, Chen, I and Kwang, J (2005). Characterization of a previously unidentified viral protein in porcine circovirus type 2 infected cells and its role in virus induced apoptosis. Journal of Virology 79: 8262–8274.Google Scholar
Lopez-Soria, S, Segalés, J, Nofrarias, M, Calsamiglia, M, Ramirez, H, Minguez, A, Serrano, JM, Marin, O and Callen, A (2004). Genetic influence on the expression of PCV disease. Veterinary Record 155: 504.Google Scholar
Madec, F and Waddilove, J (2002). Control PCV2 or control other factors? Several approaches to a complex problem. In: PMWS and PCV2 Diseases: Beyond the Debate. Merial Symposium, Ames, IA, USA, pp. 45–53.Google Scholar
Madec, F, Eveno, E, Morvan, P, Hamon, L, Blanchard, P, Cariolet, R, Amenna, N, Morvan, H, Truong, C, Mahé, D, Albina, E and Jestin, A (2000). Post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigs in France: clinical observations from follow-up studies on affected farms. Livestock Production Science 63: 223–233.Google Scholar
Madec, F, Rose, N, Eveno, E, Morvan, P, Larour, G, Jolly, JP, Le Diguerher, G, Cariolet, R, Le Dimna, M, Blanchard, P and Jestin, A (2001). PMWS: on-farm observations and preliminary analytic epidemiology. In: Proceedings of the ssDNA Viruses Plants, Birds, Pigs and Primates (ESVV) Meeting, pp. 86–87.Google Scholar
Magar, R, Larochelle, R, Thibault, S and Lamontagne, L (2000). Experimental transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in weaned pigs: a sequential study. Journal of Comparative Pathology 123: 258–269.Google Scholar
Maldonado, J, Segalés, J, Martinez-Puig, D, Calsamiglia, M, Riera, P, Domingo, M and Artigas, C (2005). Identification of viral pathogens in aborted fetuses and stillborn piglets from cases of swine reproductive failure in Spain. Veterinary Journal 169: 454–456.Google Scholar
Mandrioli, L, Sarli, G, Panarese, S, Baldoni, S and Marcato, PS (2004). Apoptosis and proliferative activity in lymph node reaction in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 97: 25–37.Google Scholar
Mankertz, A, Domingo, M, Folch, JM, LeCann, P, Jestin, A, Segalés, J, Chmielewicz, B, Plana-Duran, J and Soike, D (2000). Characterisation of PCV-2 isolates from Spain, Germany and France. Virus Research 66: 65–77.Google Scholar
Mankertz, A, Caliskan, R, Hattermann, K, Hillenbrand, B, Kurzendoerfer, P, Mueller, B, Schmitt, C, Steinfeldt, T and Finsterbusch, T (2004). Molecular biology of porcine circovirus: analyses of gene expression and viral replication. Veterinary Microbiology 98: 81–88.Google Scholar
Mateusen, B, Sanchez, RE, Van Soom, A, Meerts, P, Maes, DG and Nauwynck, HJ (2004). Susceptibility of pig embryos to porcine circovirus type 2 infection. Theriogenology 61: 91–101.Google Scholar
McNeilly, F, Kennedy, S, Moffett, D, Meehan, BM, Foster, JC, Clarke, EG, Ellis, JA, Haines, DM, Adair, BM and Allan, GM (1999). A comparison of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry for the detection of a new porcine circovirus in formalin-fixed tissues from pigs with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) Journal of Virological Methods 80: 123–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNeilly, F, McNair, I, Mackie, DP, Meehan, BM, Kennedy, S, Moffett, D, Ellis, J, Krakowka, S and Allan, GM (2001). Production, characterisation and applications of monoclonal antibodies to porcine circovirus 2. Archives of Virology 146: 909–922.Google Scholar
McNeilly, F, McNair, I, O'Connor, M, Brockbank, S, Gilpin, D, Lasagna, C, Boriosi, G, Meehan, B, Ellis, J, Krakowka, S and Allan, GM (2002). Evaluation of a porcine circovirus type 2-specific antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs: comparison with virus isolation, immunohistochemistry, and the polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 14: 106–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNair, I, Marshall, M, McNeilly, F, Botner, A, Ladekjaer-Mikkelsen, AS, Vincent, I, Herrmann, B, Sanchez, R and Rhodes, C (2004). Interlaboratory testing of porcine sera for antibodies to porcine circovirus type 2. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 16: 164–166.Google Scholar
McNulty, M, Dale, J, Lukert, P, Mankertz, A, Randles, J and Todd, D (2000). Circoviridae. In: van Regenmortel, CMFMHV, Bishop, DHL, Carstens, EB, Estes, MK, Lemon, SM, Maniloff, J, Mayo, MA, McGeoch, DJ, Pringle, CR and Wickner, RB (eds) Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 299–303.Google Scholar
Meehan, BM, McNeilly, F, Todd, D, Kennedy, S, Jewhurst, VA, Ellis, JA, Hassard, LE, Clark, EG, Haines, DM and Allan, GM (1998). Characterization of novel circovirus DNAs associated with wasting syndromes in pigs. Journal of General Virology 79: 2171–2179.Google Scholar
Misinzo, G, Meerts, P, Bublot, M, Mast, J, Weingartl, HM and Nauwynck, HJ (2005). Binding and entry characteristics of porcine circovirus 2 in cells of the porcine monocytic line 3D4/31. Journal of General Virology 86: 2057–2068.Google Scholar
Mori, M, Sato, K, Akachi, S, Asahi, S, Taniguchi, S and Narita, M (2000). Retrospective study of porcine circovirus 2 infection in Japan: seven cases in 1989. Veterinary Pathology 37: 667–669.Google Scholar
Nawagitgul, P, Harms, PA, Morozov, I, Thacker, BJ, Sorden, SD, Lekcharoensuk, C and Paul, PS (2002). Modified indirect porcine circovirus (PCV) type 2-based and recombinant capsid protein (ORF2)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of antibodies to PCV. Clinical Diagnostic and Laboratory Immunology 9: 33–40.Google Scholar
Nayar, GP, Hamel, AL, Lin, L, Sachvie, C, Grudeski, E and Spearman, G (1999). Evidence for circovirus in cattle with respiratory disease and from aborted bovine fetuses. Canadian Veterinary Journal 40: 277–278.Google Scholar
Nielsen, J, Vincent, IE, Botner, A, Ladekaer-Mikkelsen, AS, Allan, G, Summerfield, A and McCullough, KC (2003). Association of lymphopenia with porcine circovirus type 2 induced postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 92: 97–111.Google Scholar
Nielsen, J, Ladekjaer-Mikkelsen, AS, Ville-Hansen, V, Lohse, L and Botner, A (2004). PCV2-associated disease following intrauterine infection. In: Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, p. 14.Google Scholar
Nunez, A, McNeilly, F, Perea, A, Sanchez-Cordon, PJ, Huerta, B, Allan, G and Carrasco, L (2003). Coinfection by Cryptosporidium parvum and porcine circovirus type 2 in weaned pigs. Journal of Veterinary Medicine B 50: 255–258.Google Scholar
O'connor, B, Gauvreau, H, West, K, Bogdan, J, Ayroud, M, Clark, EG, Konoby, C, Allan, G and Ellis, JA (2001). Multiple porcine circovirus 2-associated abortions and reproductive failure in a multisite swine production unit. Canadian Veterinary Journal 42: 551–553.Google Scholar
Okuda, Y, Ono, M, Yazawa, S and Shibata, I (2003). Experimental reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets inoculated with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2): investigation of quantitative PCV2 distribution and antibody responses. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 15: 107–114.Google Scholar
Olvera, A, Sibila, M, Calsamiglia, M, Segalés, J and Domingo, M (2004). Comparison of porcine circovirus type 2 load in serum quantified by a real time PCR in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome naturally affected pigs. Journal of Virological Methods 117: 75–80.Google Scholar
Opriessnig, T, Yu, S, Gallup, JM, Evans, RB, Fenaux, M, Pallares, F, Thacker, EL, Brockus, CW, Ackermann, MR, Thomas, P, Meng, XJ and Halbur, PG (2003). Effect of vaccination with selective bacterins on conventional pigs infected with type 2 porcine circovirus. Veterinary Pathology 40: 521–529.Google Scholar
Opriessnig, T, Anderson, MS, Rothschild, MF, Evans, RB, Fenaux, M, Meng, XJ and Halbur, PG (2004a). Evaluation of differences in host susceptibility to PCV2-associated diseases. In: Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, p. 12.Google Scholar
Opriessnig, T, Fenaux, M, Yu, S, Evans, RB, Cavanaugh, D, Gallup, JM, Pallares, FJ, Thacker, EL, Lager, KM, Meng, XJ and Halbur, PG (2004b). Effect of porcine parvovirus vaccination on the development of PMWS in segregated early weaned pigs coinfected with type 2 porcine circovirus and porcine parvovirus. Veterinary Microbiology 98: 209–220.Google Scholar
Opriessnig, T, Meng, XJ and Halbur, PG (2004c). Effect of timing of vaccination with a commercially available bacterin on PCV2-associated lesions. In: Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, p. 96.Google Scholar
Ostanello, F, Caprioli, A, Di Francesco, A, Battilani, M, Sala, G, Sarli, G, Mandrioli, L, McNeilly, F, Allan, GM and Prosperi, S (2005). Experimental infection of 3-week-old conventional colostrums-fed pigs with porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine parvovirus. Veterinary Microbiology 108: 179–186.Google Scholar
Pallares, FJ, Halbur, PG, Opriessnig, T, Sorden, SD, Villar, D, Janke, BH, Yaeger, MJ, Larson, DJ, Schwartz, KJ, Yoon, KJ and Hoffman, LJ (2002). Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) coinfections in US field cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 14: 515–519.Google Scholar
Park, JS, Kim, J, Ha, Y, Jung, K, Choi, C, Lim, JK, Kim, SH and Chae, C (2005). Birth abnormalities in pregnant sows infected intranasally with porcine circovirus 2. Journal of Comparative Pathology 132: 139–144.Google Scholar
Pensaert, MB, Sanchez, RE, JrLadekjaer-Mikkelsen, AS, Allan, GM and Nauwynck, HJ (2004). Viremia and effect of fetal infection with porcine viruses with special reference to porcine circovirus 2 infection. Veterinary Microbiology 98: 175–183.Google Scholar
Pogranichniy, RM, Yoon, KJ, Harms, PA, Swenson, SL, Zimmerman, JJ and Sorden, SD (2000). Characterization of immune response of young pigs to porcine circovirus type 2 infection. Viral Immunology 13: 143–153.Google Scholar
Pogranichniy, RM, Yoon, KJ, Harms, PA, Sorden, SD and Daniels, M (2002). Case-control study on the association of porcine circovirus type 2 and other swine viral pathogens with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 14: 449–456.Google Scholar
Pogranichniy, RM, Yoon, KJ, Yaeger, M, Vaughn, E, Stammer, R and Roof, M (2004). Efficacy of experimental inactivated PCV2 vaccines for preventing PMWS in CDCD pigs. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Swine Veterinarians, pp. 443–444.Google Scholar
Quintana, J, Segalés, J, Rosell, C, Calsamiglia, M, Rodríguez-Arrioja, GM, Chianini, F, Folch, JM, Maldonado, J, Canal, M, Plana-Durán, J and Domingo, M (2001). Clinical and pathological observations of pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Veterinary Record 149: 357–361.Google Scholar
Quintana, J, Balasch, M, Segalés, J, Calsamiglia, M, Rodriguez-Arrioja, GM, Plana-Duran, J and Domingo, M (2002). Experimental inoculation of porcine circoviruses type 1 (PCV1) and type 2 (PCV2) in rabbits and mice. Veterinary Research 33: 229–237.Google Scholar
Resendes, AR, Majo, N, Segalés, J, Mateu, E, Calsamiglia, M and Domingo, M (2004a). Apoptosis in lymphoid organs of pigs naturally infected by porcine circovirus type 2. Journal of General Virology 85: 2837–2844.Google Scholar
Resendes, A, Segalés, J, Balasch, M, Calsamiglia, M, Sibila, M, Ellerbrok, H, Mateu, E, Plana-Duran, J, Mankertz, A and Domingo, M (2004b). Lack of an effect of a commercial vaccine adjuvant on the development of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) experimentally infected conventional pigs. Veterinary Research 35: 83–90.Google Scholar
Reynaud, G, Beseme, S, Brun, A, Charreyre, C, Desgouilles, S, Jeannin, P and Rehbein, S (2004a). Safety of a high dose administration of an inactivated adjuvanted PCV2 vaccine in conventional gilts. In: Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, p. 87.Google Scholar
Reynaud, G, Brun, A, Charreyre, C, Desgouilles, S and Jeannin, P (2004b). Safety of repeated overdose on an inactivated adjuvanted PCV2 vaccine in conventional pregnant gilts and sows. In: Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, p. 88.Google Scholar
Roca, M, Balasch, M, Segalés, J, Calsamiglia, M, Viaplana, E, Urniza, A, Hattermann, K, Mankertz, A, Plana-Duran, J and Domingo, M (2004). In vitro and in vivo characterization of an infectious clone of a European strain of porcine circovirus type 2. Journal of General Virology 85: 1259–1266.Google Scholar
Rodríguez-Arrioja, GM, Segalés, J, Rosell, C, Quintana, J, Ayllón, S, Camprodón, A and Domingo, M (1999). Aujeszky's disease virus infection concurrent with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs. Veterinary Record 144: 152–153.Google Scholar
Rodríguez-Arrioja, GM, Segalés, J, Balasch, M, Rosell, C, Quintana, J, Folch, JM, Plana-Durán, J, Mankertz, A and Domingo, M (2000). Serum antibodies to porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV-1) and type 2 (PCV-2) in pigs with and without postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) Veterinary Record 146: 762–764.Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Arrioja, GM, Segalés, J, Calsamiglia, M, Resendes, AR, Balasch, M, Plana-Duran, J, Casal, J and Domingo, M (2002). Dynamics of porcine circovirus type 2 infection in a herd of pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. American Journal of Veterinary Research 63: 354–357.Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Arrioja, GM, Segalés, J, Domingo, M and Plana-Duran, J (2003a). Lack of PCV-2 infection in non-porcine species in Spain. Veterinary Record 153: 371–372.Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Arrioja, GM, Segalés, J, Rosell, C, Rovira, A, Pujols, J, Plana-Duran, J and Domingo, M (2003b). Retrospective study on porcine circovirus type 2 infection in pigs from 1985 to 1997 in Spain. Journal of Veterinary Medicine B 50: 99–101.Google Scholar
Rose, N, Blanchard, P, Larour, G, Le Diguerher, G, Eveno, E, Jolly, JP, Oler, A, Le Dimna, M, Jestin, A and Madec, F (2002). Post-weaning multisystemic wasting síndrome (PMWS) in France: serological profiles of affected versus non-affected herds and preliminary analytical epidemiology. Pig Journal 50: 124–134.Google Scholar
Rose, N, Abherve-Gueguen, A, Le Diguerher, G, Eveno, E, Jolly, JP, Blanchard, P, Oger, A, Houdayer, C, Jestin, A and Madec, F (2003a). A cohort study about clinical post-weaning multisystemic wasting síndrome (PMWS) in pigs of different genetic background. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, p. 723.Google Scholar
Rose, N, Larour, G, Le Diguerher, G, Eveno, E, Jolly, JP, Blanchard, P, Oger, A, Le Dimna, M, Jestin, A and Madec, F (2003b). Risk factors for porcine post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in 149 French farrow-to-finish herds. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 61: 209–225.Google Scholar
Rosell, C, Segalés, J, Plana-Durán, J, Balasch, M, Rodríguez-Arrioja, GM, Kennedy, S, Allan, GM, McNeilly, F, Latimer, KS and Domingo, M (1999). Pathological, immunohistochemical, and in-situ hybridization studies of natural cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigs. Journal of Comparative Pathology 120: 59–78.Google Scholar
Rosell, C, Segalés, J and Domingo, M (2000a). Hepatitis and staging of hepatic damage in pigs naturally infected with porcine circovirus type 2. Veterinary Pathology 37: 687–692.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosell, C, Segalés, J, Ramos-Vara, JA, Folch, JM, Rodríguez-Arrioja, GM, Duran, CO, Balasch, M, Plana-Durán, J and Domingo, M (2000b). Identification of porcine circovirus in tissues of pigs with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome. Veterinary Record 146: 40–43.Google Scholar
Rovira, A, Balasch, M, Segalés, J, Garcia, L, Plana-Duran, J, Rosell, C, Ellerbrock, H, Mankertz, A and Domingo, M (2002). Experimental inoculation of conventional pigs with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus 2. Journal of Virology 76: 3232–3239.Google Scholar
Royer, RL, Nawagitgul, P, Halbur, PG and Paul, PS (2001). Susceptibility of porcine circovirus type 2 to commercial and laboratory disinfectants. Journal of Swine Health and Production 9: 281–284.Google Scholar
Sánchez, RE, JrNauwynck, HJ, McNeilly, F, Allan, GM and Pensaert, MB (2001a). Porcine circovirus 2 infection in swine foetuses inoculated at different stages of gestation. Veterinary Microbiology 83: 169–176.Google Scholar
Sánchez, R, Nauwynck, H and Pensaert, M (2001b). Serological survey of porcine circovirus 2 antibodies in domestic and feral pig populations in Belgium. In: Proceedings of the ssDNA Viruses Plants, Birds, Pigs and Primates (ESVV) Meeting, p. 122.Google Scholar
Sanchez, RE, JrMeerts, P, Nauwynck, HJ and Pensaert, MB (2003). Change of porcine circovirus 2 target cells in pigs during development from fetal to early postnatal life. Veterinary Microbiology 95: 15–25.Google Scholar
Sanchez, RE, JrMeerts, P, Nauwynck, HJ, Ellis, JA and Pensaert, MB (2004). Characteristics of porcine circovirus-2 replication in lymphoid organs of pigs inoculated in late gestation or postnatally and possible relation to clinical and pathological outcome of infection. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 16: 175–185.Google Scholar
Schulze, C, Segalés, J, Neumann, G, Hlinak, A, Calsamiglia, M and Domingo, M (2004). Identification of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in European wild boar (Sus scrofa). Veterinary Record 154: 694–696.Google Scholar
Segalés, J (2002). Update on postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome diagnostics. Journal of Swine Health and Production 10: 277–281.Google Scholar
Segalés, J and Domingo, M (2002). Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigs. A review. Veterinary Quarterly 24: 109–124.Google Scholar
Segalés, J, Sitjar, M, Domingo, M, Dee, S, Del Pozo, M, Noval, R, Sacristán, C, De Las Heras, A, Ferro, A and Latimer, KS (1997). First report of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in Spain. Veterinary Record 141: 600–601.Google Scholar
Segalés, J, Piella, J, Marco, E, Mateu-de-Antonio, EM, Espuna, E and Domingo, M (1998). Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome in Spain. Veterinary Record 142: 483–486.Google Scholar
Segalés, J, Pastor, J, Cuenca, R and Domingo, M (2000). Haematological parameters in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome affected pigs. Veterinary Record 146: 675–676.Google Scholar
Segalés, J, Alonso, F, Rosell, C, Pastor, J, Chianini, F, Campos, E, López-Fuertes, L, Quintana, J, Rodríguez-Arrioja, G, Calsamiglia, M, Pujols, J, Domínguez, J and Domingo, M (2001). Changes in peripheral blood leukocyte populations in pigs with natural postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 81: 37–44.Google Scholar
Segalés, J, Calsamiglia, M, Rosell, C, Soler, M, Maldonado, J, Martín, M and Domingo, M (2002). Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection status in pigs naturally affected with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in Spain. Veterinary Microbiology 85: 23–30.Google Scholar
Segalés, J, Calsamiglia, M and Domingo, M (2003a). How we diagnose postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. In: Proceedings of the Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases Symposium, pp. 149–151.Google Scholar
Segalés, J, Calsamiglia, M and Domingo, M (2003b). Epidemiology of porcine circovirus type 2 infection: what do we know? Pig News and Information 24: 103N–110N.Google Scholar
Segalés, J, Collell, M, Jensen, HE, Blanco, JL and Domingo, M (2003c). Pulmonary Aspergillosis in a postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) affected pig. Pig Journal 52: 41–47.Google Scholar
Segalés, J, Domingo, M, Chianini, F, Majo, N, Dominguez, J, Darwich, L and Mateu, E (2004a). Immunosuppression in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome affected pigs. Veterinary Microbiology 98: 151–158.Google Scholar
Segalés, J, Rosell, C and Domingo, M (2004b). Pathological findings associated with naturally acquired porcine circovirus type 2 associated disease. Veterinary Microbiology 98: 137–149.Google Scholar
Shibahara, T, Sato, K, Ishikawa, Y and Kadota, K (2000). Porcine circovirus induces B lymphocyte depletion in pigs with wasting disease syndrome. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 62: 1125–1131.Google Scholar
Shibata, I, Okuda, Y, Yazawa, S, Ono, M, Sasaki, T, Itagaki, M, Nakajima, N, Okabe, Y and Hidejima, I (2003). PCR detection of porcine circovirus type 2 DNA in whole blood, serum, oropharyngeal swab, nasal swab, and feces from experimentally infected pigs and field cases. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 65: 405–408.Google Scholar
Sibila, M, Calsamiglia, M, Segalés, J, Blanchard, P, Badiella, L, Le Dimna, M, Jestin, A and Domingo, M (2004). Use of a polymerase chain reaction assay and an ELISA to monitor porcine circovirus type 2 infection in pigs from farms with and without postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. American Journal of Veterinary Research 65: 88–92.Google Scholar
Sipos, W, Duvigneau, JC, Willheim, M, Schilcher, F, Hartl, RT, Hofbauer, G, Exel, B, Pietschmann, P and Schmoll, F (2004). Systemic cytokine profile in feeder pigs suffering from natural postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) as determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR and flow cytometric intracellular cytokine detection. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 99: 63–71.Google Scholar
Sipos, W, Duvigneau, JC, Pietschmann, P, Schilcher, F, Hofbauer, G, Hartl, RT and Schmoll, F (2005). Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) is associated with a systemic cytokine expression profile indicative of proinflammation and a Th1 bias. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 107: 303–313.Google Scholar
Sirinarumitr, T, Morozov, I, Nawagitgul, P, Sorden, SD, Harms, PA and Paul, PS (2000). Utilization of a rate enhancement hybridization buffer system for rapid in situ hybridization for the detection of porcine circovirus in cell culture and in tissues of pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 12: 562–565.Google Scholar
Smith, WJ, Thomson, JR and Done, S (1993). Dermatitis/nephropathy syndrome of pigs. Veterinary Record 132: 47.Google Scholar
Sorden, SD (2000). Update on porcine circovirus and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Journal of Swine Health and Production 8: 133–136.Google Scholar
Stevenson, GW, Kiupel, M, Mittal, SK, Choi, J, Latimer, KS and Kanitz, L (2001). Tissue distribution and genetic typing of porcine circoviruses in pigs with naturally occurring congenital tremors. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 13: 57–62.Google Scholar
Stevenson, LS, McCullough, K, Gilpin, DF, Vincent, I, Summerfield, A, Nielsen, J, McNeilly, F, Adair, BM and Allan, GM (2004). Cytokine profiles induced by porcine circovirus type 2 experimental infection in 3-week-old pigs. In: Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, p. 17.Google Scholar
Stone, M (2004). Response to first diagnosis of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Surveillance 31: 8–14.Google Scholar
Thacker, B and Thacker, E (2000). The PRDC battle continues. Pig Progress 06: 16–18.Google Scholar
Thibault, S, Drolet, R, Germain, MC, D'Allaire, S, Larochelle, R and Magar, R (1998). Cutaneous and systemic necrotizing vasculitis in swine. Veterinary Pathology 35: 108–116.Google Scholar
Tischer, I, Rasch, R and Tochtermann, G (1974). Characterization of papovavirus and picornavirus like particles in permanent pig kidney cell lines. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene. Erste Abteilung Originale. Reihe B: Hygiene, praventive Medizin 26: 153–167.Google Scholar
Tischer, I, Gelderblom, H, Vettermann, W and Koch, MA (1982). A very small porcine virus with circular single-stranded DNA. Nature 295: 64–66.Google Scholar
Tischer, I, Mields, W, Wolff, D, Vagt, M and Griem, W (1986). Studies on epidemiology and pathogenicity of porcine circovirus. Archives of Virology 91: 271–276.Google Scholar
Tischer, I, Peters, D, Rasch, R and Pociuli, S (1987). Replication of porcine circovirus: induction by glucosamine and cell cycle dependence. Archives of Virology 96: 39–57.Google Scholar
Tischer, I, Bode, L, Apodaca, J, Timm, H, Peters, D, Rasch, R, Pociuli, S and Gerike, E (1995). Presence of antibodies reacting with porcine circovirus in sera of humans, mice, and cattle. Archives of Virology 140: 1427–1439.Google Scholar
Vicente, J, Segalés, J, Hofle, U, Balasch, M, Plana-Duran, J, Domingo, M and Gortazar, C (2004). Epidemiological study on porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection in the European wild boar (Sus scrofa). Veterinary Research 35: 243–253.Google Scholar
Vigre, H, Boebko, P, Jorsal, SE, Bille-Hansen, V, Hassing, AG, Enoe, C and Botner, A (2005). Spatial and temporal patterns of pig herds diagnosed with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in the first two years of its occurrence in Denmark. Veterinary Microbiology 110: 17–26.Google Scholar
Vincent, IE, Carrasco, CP, Herrmann, B, Meehan, BM, Allan, GM, Summerfield, A and McCullough, KC (2003). Dendritic cells harbor infectious porcine circovirus type 2 in the absence of apparent cell modulation or replication of the virus. Journal of Virology 77: 13288–13300.Google Scholar
Vincent, IE, Carrasco, CP, Guzylack-Piriou, L, Herrmann, B, McNeilly, F, Allan, GM, Summerfield, A and McCullough, KC (2005). Subset-dependent modulation of dendritic cell activity by circovirus type 2. Immunology 115: 388–398.Google Scholar
Waddilove, AEJ and Marco, E (2002). Assessing serotherapeutic control of PMWS in the field. In: Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, p. 34.Google Scholar
Walker, IW, Konoby, CA, Jewhurst, VA, McNair, I, McNeilly, F, Meehan, BM, Cottrell, TS, Ellis, JA and Allan, GM (2000). Development and application of a competitive enzyme-linked immunorbent assay for the detection of serum antibodies to porcine circovirus. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 12: 400–405.Google Scholar
Wallgren, P, Hasslung, F, Bergstrom, G, Linder, A, Belak, K, Hard af Segerstad, C, Stampe, M, Molander, B, Bjornberg Kallay, T, Norregard, E, Ehlorsson, CJ, Tornquist, M, Fossum, C, Allan, GM and Robertsson, JA (2004). Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). The first year with the disease in Sweden. Veterinary Quarterly 26: 170–187.Google Scholar
Wellenberg, GJ, Stockhofe-Zurwieden, N, de Jong, MF, Boersma, WJ and Elbers, AR (2004). Excessive porcine circovirus type 2 antibody titers may trigger the development of porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome: a case-control study. Veterinary Microbiology 99: 203–214.Google Scholar
West, KH, Bystrom, JM, Wojnarowicz, C, Shantz, N, Jacobson, M, Allan, GM, Haines, DM, Clark, EG, Krakowka, S, McNeilly, F, Konoby, C, Martin, K and Ellis, JA (1999). Myocarditis and abortion associated with intrauterine infection of sows with porcine circovirus 2. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 11: 530–532.Google Scholar
Woodbine, KA (2005). PMWS a novel infectious disease evidence from British pig herds. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, p. 49.Google Scholar
Yoon, KJ, Jepsen, RJ, Pogranichniy, RM, Sorden, S, Stammer, R and Evans, LE (2004). A novel approach to intrauterine viral inoculation of swine using PCV type 2 as a model. Theriogenology 61: 1025–1037.Google Scholar