Hostname: page-component-7dd5485656-bt4hw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-31T03:45:28.104Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effects of alternating feeding regimes with varying dietaryphosphorus levels on growth, mineralization, phosphorus retention and loading of largerainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 December 2010

Gabriel K.D. Koko ,
Pallab K. Sarker ,
Émilie Proulx  and
Grant W. Vandenberg
Get access

Abstract

Excessive phosphorus (P) levels in freshwater aquaculture effluents are a majorenvironmental problem in certain receiving water bodies. This study aimed to test anapproach alternating that alternating feeding P deficient and P sufficient diets andmeasure P loading from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture. Threeexperimental practical diets consisting of P-deficient (0.4% P, P04), optimum level of P(0.6% P, P06) and P-sufficient as control diet (0.8% P, P08) were formulated. Sixdifferent feeding regimes of P-sufficient diet continuously (P08), P-deficient dietcontinuously (P04), optimum dietary level of P (P06) continuously, one weekP-deficient/one week optimum level of P diet (P04/P06.1), 2 weeks P-deficient/2 weeksoptimum level of P diet (P04/P06.2) and 4 weeks P-deficient/ 4 weeks optimum level of Pdiet (P04/P06.4) were tested. Fish were fed twice daily to apparent satiation level 16weeks. Fish fed all alternating regimes showed growth rate (weight and length) comparableto those of continuous feeding with P08 and P06 diet. The feed conversion ratios (FCR) forall alternating regimes were comparable to that of the P08 and P06 continuous feedingregime. Neither the thermal unit growth coefficient (TGC) nor condition factor (K)significantly influenced by feeding regimes. Vertebrae P, ash and whole body ash contentdid not differ among regimes. Except fish fed continuous P04 diet, the ash and P contentin opercula and whole body total P content were not significantly different among eachother in a continuous feeding and alternating feeding schedule.

Fish fed all alternating regimes showed significantly lower P consumption than those fedcontinuously fed with P08 and P06. Different feeding regimes had no effect P retention.Significantly higher P loading (solid and dissolved) was noted in fish fed continuouslywith P08 diet, in contrast P loading values were lower for all alternating feedingregimes. The study demonstrated that growth and tissue mineralization of fish maintainedon alternating feeding regimes with P04 and P06 diet were comparable to those continuouslyfed with diet of P08. These results demonstrate that it is possible to reduce P intake by34% and reduce P loading 52% by adopting alternating feeding regimes compared to P08 diet.This study provides evidence that alternating feeding of P deficient and optimum dietarylevels using practical ingredients can be adopted as a means of reducing P loading fromrainbow trout culture without compromising growth.

Keywords

Alternating feeding regimeTroutPhosphorusLoadingGrowth

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Aquatic Living Resources , Volume 23 , Issue 3 , July 2010 , pp. 277 - 284
Copyright
© EDP Sciences, IFREMER, IRD 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Références

Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), 1990, Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed. AOAC, Arlington, VA, USA.
Barnham C., Baxter A., 1998, Fisheries notes: condition factor, K for Salmonid fish, State of Victoria, Department of primary industries, pp. 1-3.
Bureau, D.P., Cho, C.Y., 1999, Phosphorus utilization by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): estimation of dissolved phosphorus waste output. Aquaculture 179, 127-140. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bureau, D.P., Hua, K., 2010, Towards effective nutritional management of waste outputs in aquaculture, with particular reference to salmonid aquaculture operations. Aquac. Res. 41, 777-792. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canadian Council on Animal Care 1984, Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals, vol. 2. Ottawa, Ontario.
Chevalier, P., Proulx, D., Lessard, P., Vincent, W.F., de la Noüe, J., 2000, Nitrogen and phosphorus removal by high latitude mat-forming cyanobacteria for potential use in tertiary wastewater treatment. J. Appl. Phycol. 12, 105-112. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cho, C.Y., 1990, Fish nutrition, feeds and feeding: with special emphasis on salmonid aquaculture. Feed Rev. Int. 6, 333– 357. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cho C.Y., Cowey C.B., Watanabe T., 1985, Methodological approaches to research and development. In: Cho C.Y., Cowey C.B., Watanabe T. (Eds.) Finfish Nutrition in Asia IDRC, Ottawa, pp. 10-80.
Cho, C.Y., Hynes, J.D., Wood, K.R., Yoshida, H.K., 1994, Development of high nutrient-dense, low pollution diets and prediction of aquaculture wastes using biological approaches. Aquaculture 124, 293-305. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cho, C.Y., Kaushik, S.J., 1990, Nutritional energy in fish: Energy and protein utilization in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). World Rev. Nutr. Diet 161, 132-172. Google Scholar
Cho C.Y., Slinger S.J., 1979, Apparent digestibility measurement in feedstufs for rainbow trout. In: Halver J.E., Tiews K. (Eds.), Finfish Nutrition and Fishfeed Technology, Heenemann-Verlagsgesellschaft, Berlin, Vol. 2, pp. 239-247.
Coloso, R.M., King, K., Fletcher, J.W., Hendrix, M.A., Subramanyam, M., Weis, P., Ferraris, R.P., 2003, Phosphorus utilization in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed practical diets and its consequences on effluent phosphorus levels. Aquaculture 220, 801–820. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cripps, S.J., 1994, Minimizing outputs: treatment. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 102, 84-294. Google Scholar
De Silva, S.S., Mitchell, B.D., Nandeesha, M.C., 1993, Reducing feed costs in semi-intensive finfish culture: an update on mixed feeding schedules and an idea for enhancing endogenous food supply in ponds. Naga, the ICLARM Quarterly 16, 24–26. Google Scholar
De Silva, S.S., 1985, Performance of Oreochromis nilotica (L.) fry maintained on mixed feeding schedule of differing protein content. Aquac. Fish. Manage. 16, 331–340. Google Scholar
De Silva, S.S., 1989, Reducing feed costs in semi-intensive aquaculture system in the tropics. Naga, the ICLARM Quarterly 12, 6–7. Google Scholar
De Silva S.S., 2006, Reducing feed costs in aquaculture: Is the use of mixed feeding schedules the answer for semi-intensive practices? Aquaculture Asia Magazine Vol. XI, October-December. [en ligne] (http://www.enaca.org/modules/ news/article.php?storyid=905, page consulted 21/3/2007)
Dumas, A., Laliberté, P., Lessard, P., de la Noüe, J., 1998, Biotreatment of fish farm effluents using the cyanobacterium Phormidium bohneri . Aquac. Eng. 17, 57-68. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregus Z., 2000, Untersuchung zur Verdaulichkeit des phosphorus in futtermitteln mineralischer oder tierischer herkunft bei der regenbogenforelle (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Ph.D. thesis, University of Bonn, shaker Verlag, Aachen.
Hajen, W.E., Beames, R.M., Higgs, D.A., Dosanjh, B.S., 1993, Digestibility of various feedstufs by post-juvenile chinook salmon(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in sea water. 1. Validation of technique. Aquaculture 112, 321-332. Google Scholar
Hardy R.W., Fairgrieve W.T., Scott T.M., 1993, Periodic feeding of low-phosphorus diet and phosphorus retention in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In: Kaushik S.J., Luquet, P. (Eds.), Fish Nutrition in Practice. INRA, pp. 403-412.
Helland, S., Refstie, S., Espmark, A., Hjelde, K., Baeverfjord, G., 2005, Mineral balance and bone formation in fast-growing Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar) in response to dissolved metabolic carbon dioxide and restricted dietary phosphorus supply. Aquaculture 250, 364-376. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hua, K., Bureau, D.P., 2006, Modelling digestible phosphorus content of salmonid fish feeds. Aquaculture 254, 455-465 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hua, K., de Lange, C.F.M., Niimi, A.J., Cole, G., Moccia, R.D., Fan, M.Z., Bureau, D.P., 2008, A factorial model to predict phosphoruswaste output of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquac. Res. 39,1059-1069. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hussenot, J., Lefebvre, S., Brossard, N., 1998, Open-air treatment of wastewater from land-based marine fish farmsin extensive and intensive systems: Current technology and future perspectives. Aquat. Living Resour. 11, 297-304. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iwama, G.K., Tautz, A.F., 1981, A simple growth model for salmonids in hatcheries. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 38, 649–656. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, J.D., Kaushik, S.J., 1992, Contribution of digestible energy from carbohydrates and estimation of protein/energy requirements for growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 106, 161-169. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lake, J., Gravel, C., Koko, K.D.G., Robert, C., Vandenberg, G.W., 2010, Combining subtractive supressive hybridization and cDNA microarrays to identify dietary phosphorus-responsive genes of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) kidney. J. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part D: Genomics and Proteomics 5, 24-35 Google Scholar
Lall S.P., 1991, Digestibility, metabolism and excretion of dietary phosphorus in fish. In : Cowey C.B., Cho C.Y. (Eds.), Nutritional Strategies and Aquaculture Wastes, Proc. 1st Internat. Symp. Nutritional Strategies in Management of Aquaculture Wastes. University of Guelph, Ontario, pp. 21– 26.
Lankford, S.E., Weber, G.M., 2006, Associations between plasma growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, and cortisol with stress responsiveness and growth performance in a selective breeding program for rainbow trout. N. Am. J. Aquac. 68, 151–159. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lellis, W.A., Barrows, F.T., Hardy, R.W., 2004, Effects of phase-feeding dietary phosphorus on survival, growth, and processing characteristics of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss . Aquaculture 242, 607-616. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morales, G.A., Moyano, F.J., 2010, Application of an in vitro gastrointestinal model to evaluate nitrogen and phosphorus bioaccessibility and bioavailability in fish feed ingredients. Aquaculture 306, 244-251. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nandeesha M.C., De S.S., Krishnamurthy D., 1993, Evaluation of mixed feeding schedules in two Indian major carps, catla (Catla catla) and rohu (Labeo rohita). In: Kaushik S.J., Luquet P., (Eds.), Proc. 4th Internat. Symp. Nutrition and Feeding in Fish. INRA, Paris, pp. 753–767.
Nandeesha, M.C., De Silva, S.S., Krishnamurthy, D., Dathatri, K., 1994, Use of mixed feeding schedules in fish culture. Aquac. Fish. Manage. 25, 659–670. Google Scholar
Naumann C., Bassler R., 1976, In: VDLUFA-Methodenbuch. Die chemische Untersuchung von Futtermitteln Vol. 3 Neumann–Neudamm, Melsungen.
NRC (National Research Council), 1993, Nutrient Requirements of Fish. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Nutt, S.G., 1991, A review of approaches to achieve low effluent phosphorus concentrations. Water Pollut. Res. J. Can. 26, 495-547. Google Scholar
Ogino, C., Takeuchi, L., Takeda, H., Watanabe, T., 1979, Availability of dietary phosphorus in carp and rainbow trout. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 45, 1527–1532. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patel, B.A., Yakupitiyage, A., 2003, Mixed feeding schedules in semi-intensive pond culture of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L.: is it necessary to have two diets of different protein contents? Aquac. Res. 34, 1343–1352. [PubMed link] Google Scholar
Rodehutscord, M., 1996, Response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) growing from 50 to 200 g to supplements of dibasicsodium phosphate in a semipurified diet. J. Nutr. 126, 324-331. Google Scholar
Rodehutscord, M., Gregus, Z., Pfeffer, E., 2000, Effect of phosphorus intake on faecal and non-faecal phosphorus excretion in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the consequences for comparative phosphorus availability studies. Aquaculture 188, 383– 398. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarker, P.K., Fukada, H., Masumoto, T., 2007, Suitable fecal collection technique for determining apparent phosphorus availability in yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata . Aquac. Sci. 55, 319-324. Google Scholar
Sarker, P.K., Shuichi, S., Fukada, H., Masumoto, T., 2009, Effects of dietary phosphorus level on non-faecal phosphorus excretion from yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata Temminck & Schlegel) fed purified and practical diets. Aquac. Res. 40, 225-232. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarker, P.K., Shuichi, S., Fukada, H., Masumoto, T., 2009, Phosphorus availability from inorganic phosphorus sources in yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata Temminck and Schlegel). Aquaculture 289, 113-117. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Satoh, S., Cho, C.Y., Watanabe, T., 1992, Effect of faecal retrieval timing on digestibility of nutrients in rainbow trout diet with the Guelph and TUF feces collection systems. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 58, 1123–1127. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sevgili, H., Emre, Y., Kanyilmaz, M., Diler, I., Hossu, B., 2006, Effects of mixed feeding schedules on growth performance, body composition, and nitrogen and phosphorus balance in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss . Acta Ichthyol. Piscat. 36, 49-55. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spyridakis, P., Metailler, R., Gabaudan, J., Riaza, A., 1989, Studies on nutrient digestibility in European sea bass (Dicentrar chus labrax). 1. Methodological aspects concerning faeces collection. Aquaculture 77, 61-70. Google Scholar
Sugiura, S.H., Dong, F.M., Hardy, R.W., 2000, A new approach to estimating the minimum dietary requirement of phosphorus for large rainbow trout based on non fecal excretions of phosphorus and nitrogen. J. Nutr. 130, 865-872. Google Scholar
Summerfelt, S.T., Holland, K.H., Hankins, J.A., Durant, M.D., 1995, A hydroacoustic waste feed controller for tank systems. Water Sci. Technol. 31, 123-129. Google Scholar
TFAEDQ- Table filière de l’aquaculture en eau douce du Québec, 2003, Stratégie de développement durable de l’aquaculture en eau douce au Québec. [en ligne] (www.mapaq.gouv.qc.ca/Fr/Peche/md/Publications/STRADDAQ.htm) page consultée le 21/07/2004.
Vandenberg G.W., 2001, Encapsulation de la phytase microbienne : l’influence sur la disponibilité de nutriments chez la truite arc-en-ciel. Thèse de doctorat, Université Laval. Québec.
Vandenberg, G.W., de la Noüe, J., 2001, Apparent digestibility comparison in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) assessed using three methods of faeces collection and three digestibility markers. Aquac. Nutr. 7, 237-245. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varley, J.A., 1966, Automatic method for determination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in plant material. Analyst 91, 119-126. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vielma, J., Rouhonen, K., Peisker, M., 2002, Dephytinization of two soy proteins increases phosphorus and protein utilization by rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss . Aquaculture 204, 145-156. CrossRefGoogle Scholar