The diurnal vertical behaviour of yellowfin tuna observed from sonic tagging experiments in the western Indian Ocean (Comoros archipelago) is compared with the vertical profiles of temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration. Two different behavioural situations: off-FAD and FAD-associated yellowfin tuna, are characterized by the relationships between swimming depth and vertical structure of temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration (i.e. depth and thickness of the mixed layer, of the thermocline layer and of the oxycline) observed in the tracking area. Gradients of both paramelers are shown to be the key factors which determine the vertical swimming behaviour. From an analysis carried out on the whole oceanographic data set of the Western Indian Ocean, oxyeline is found to match with the depth of the 4.2-4.3 ml.1−1 dissolved oxygen concentration.

Vertical distributions of yellowfin tuna, for both off-FAD and FAD-associated situations, are modelled by using normal-derived distributions. These models indicate the probability of the presence of yellowfin tuna, related to the vertical profiles of temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration. A single mode distribution is fitted to describe the FAD-associated situation, and a bi-modal one for the off-FAD situation. Positions of the modes are determined by the relationship between the vertical swimming behaviour and the position of either maximum gradient of temperature or dissolved oxygen concentration. An iterative calculation of normal distribution standard error is conducted to adjust the shape of the eurve to cover the entire layer in which yellowfin tuna is considered to be present. Both models were applied in a remote area, east of the Seychelles, where purse seine catches are important. The predicted vertical distribution seems to be realistic and matches the observations given by echosound pictures of tuna schools obtained in the same area by purse seiners.

Une méthode d'ajustement de l'analyse des cohortes, combinant calcul en mode inverse et calcul en mode direct, est présentée ; elle permet d'analyser l'évolution des puissances de pêche par flottille et par âge, à partir de la matrice des capturabilités nominales. La méthode est appliquée aux deux principales flottilles exploitant l'albacore dans l'Atlantique Est, entre 1980 et 1990 : les senneurs franco-ivoiro-sénégalais (FIS) et les senneurs espagnols. A l'aide d'un modèle linéaire généralisé, les puissances de pêche globales sont décomposées en deux termes : puissances locales et efficiences globales. Les évolutions tendancielles des trois grandeurs, puissances globales, puissances locales et efficiences globales, par catégorie d'âge ou en moyennes, sont analysées en calculant des taux d'accroissement inter-annuels sur des intervalles pluriannuels. Les changements de tactiques de pêche sont étudiés au travers des corrélations entre puissances de pêche résiduelles appliquées à des groupes d'âge différents.

Les résultats obtenus sont peu sensibles aux paramètres introduits lors de l'ajustement de l'analyse des cohortes. Sur l'ensemble de la décennie, un accroissement des puissances de pêche globales moyennes est mis en évidence, avec un taux estimé à 17 et 9 % par an pour chacune des flottilles FIS et espagnole respectivement. Cet accroissement est lié à une forte augmentation des puissances de pêche globales appliquées aux adultes, alors que celles appliquées aux juvéniles semblent en diminution. Les changements de l'efficience de pêche globale jouent un rôle essentiel dans le cas de la flottille FIS. Trois schémas type d'évolution, traduisant des stratégies de pêche différentes entre flottilles et entre périodes, sont définis ; l'impact des changements de tactique de pêche est souligné. Les raisons susceptibles d'expliquer les variations des puissances de pêche sont discutées, ainsi, plus généralement, que les potentialités et limites de la méthode d'analyse utilisée.

Foraging activities of goosanders (Anatidae, Mergus merganser) were studied in relation to seaward migration of smolt in the River Halselva in northern Norway, 1987-1989. Birds aggregated in the estuary in June, during mass migration of smolts. When present in the estuary males and females spent 28.7 and 35.6% of their time feeding. Only 15% of dives resulted in birds' bringing prey to the surface and about 25% of prey found in goosander stomachs were salmonids. For hatchery-reared smolts released in the estuary, average length taken did not differ from that available; for wild smolts of Arctic char, however, smaller fishes than those available were taken. For 1989, we estimate that goosanders took 1% of the hatchery-reared smolts released in the estuary, and 2% of the wild smolts when smolts passed the estuary during seaward migration. As it is likely that less fit smolts (e.g. sick, injured, small) are most prone to predation, we argue that such a level of predation on migrating smolts from goosanders has only a minor impact on salmonid production. Suggestions to reduce predation are discussed.

Vitellogenin (VTG) was isolated from the haemolymph of Penaeus vannamei by a three step procedure including ultracentrifugation, gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. VTG was used to raise polyclonal antibodies that were purified by ion exchange chromatography. A two step competitive assay was developed in which VTG could be quantitated by its capacity to inhibit the binding of antibody to the VTG previously adsorbed onto a solid phase. Sensitivity from equilibrium and from non-equilibrium assays was 41 and 2.3 ng/ml respectively. Estimates of within-assay and between-assay variabilities of standard curves were 4.2 and 9.6% respectively. The inhibition curves for dilutions of haemolymph from vitellogenic females, egg yolk extracts and purified vitellin (VTL) were parallel to the standard VTG curve, haemolymph from immature females and males showed no cross-reactivity. The antibodies directed against VTG recognize but partially VTL as shown by displacement curves. Recovery tests were near 100%. Thus the procedure was considered to be suitable for the measurement of haemolymphatic VTG. The VTG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) developed in this study was validated by detecting physiological VTG changes in female shrimps after being fed squid extracts.

The phospholipid composition and fatty acid characteristics of diacyl and plasmalogen forms of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine of sperm of five marine and five freshwater species of fish have been determined. There was considerable variation in composition within each group of fish, which obscured any differences which are related to the osmotic environment. Since such factors as temperature, nutrition, etc. probably greatly influence the lipid composition, we failed to determine a relationship between osmolality and phospholipid composition. We have also found certain phospho-lipid peculiarities, characteristic of sperm of various species of fish. Nevertheless, as we have found previously, the molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipids in fish sperm is determined by the salinity of the habitat.

In this study an attempt was made to develop a suitable diluent based on the characteristics of good quality ovarian fluid of Oncorhynchus mykiss. The resulting simulated ovarian fluid (SOF) was compared with Borax-borie acid buffer diluent and adjusted versions thereof. The composition of al1 these diluents are given in this paper. Maximum fertilization success (81.76%) was achieved when ovarian lluid was employed as a sperm diluent. Spermatozoa showed maximum (34 seconds) forward motility after dilution with Borax 3. The use of diluents in artificial fertilization techniques by trout farmers can help them to increase the fertilization success and also facilitates hatchery procedures and broodslock management.

Goldfish embryos of pre-morula, somite formation, optic vesicle, heart formation and pigment formation stages were tested for cryoprotectant toxicity, using DMSO and glycerol at 10, 12 and 15% concentration. Those that showed 50% or more survival were employed for cold shock test, from 24 to 4 °C at the rate of –1 °C/min. Only embryos at the heart formation stage protected with 12% DMSO showed 60% survival and 35% hatching. A group of embryos of that stage went through a freezing and thawing test to temperatures of –15, –25 and –35 °C. They showed 30, 5 and 2% survival and 12, 3 and 1% hatching respectively.

Preliminary studies of freshly collected halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) sperm by light microscopy indicated that sperm motility, i.e. the percentage of motile sperm and the duration of fonvard progressive movement, was optimized under conditions of osmotic pressure ranging between 400 and 1100 mOsmol/kg and pH for 6.5-8.5. The quality of sperm, stored in vitro on ice, deteriorated rapidly within a few hours, a charactenstic particularly evident in sperm after freezing and thawing tests. Studies of several cryoprotectants indicated that halibut sperm could be successfully preserved frozen when diluted with 3 parts extender (sucrose: 150 mM, CaCl2: 1.7 mM, MgSO4: 7 mM, glycine: 86 mM and Tris: 30 mM at pH: 8), 10% of 1-2 propanediol and one part sperm (3:l). Additional studies of the motility of seawater-activated halibut sperm were conducted by dark field microscopy under stroboscopic illumination. These observations indicated that fast forward-moving sperm motility, which lasts 60-70 s, is correlated with propagating waves on the full length of the sperm flagellum with an initial beat frequency of 45-50 Hz which abruptly drops to about 10 Hz after 60-80 s. The beat frequency is blocked by KCN (5mM) and NaN3, (1.2mM), on intact sperm. The flagellum beat frequency of demembranated/reactivated sperm is dependent on the ATP concentration in the reactivation solution.

Cryopreservation of sperm is an important component of genetic conservation programs for fish. However, since fish eggs or embryos cannot be successfully cryopreserved and since the mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited, the mitochondrial genomes of fish populations are presently not being preserved in these programs. One method of obtaining eggs from stored materials would be to cryopreserve embryonic cells that could later be transplanted into female recipient embryos, forming chimeras; a proportion of these transplanted cells would be expected to enter the germ line and subscquently develop into eggs. The hypothesis of this study is that isolated blastomeres of rainbow trout can be successfully cryopreserved and thawed. The objective of this investigation was to determine if the rate of cooling or the type of container alters cryopreservation success. Isolated blastomeres in a freezing solution containing 8.7% DMSO were subjected to one of two different cooling rates in either 0.5 ml French semen straws or cryovials. Thawed samples were examined using phase contrat microscopy, wkh cells scored as being either intact or non-intact. In the nonfrozen control group, 85.4%f 7.6 ($\bar{x}$± S.D.) of the blastomeres were intact. There was no significant difference between the cooling rates used in this investigation based on the proportion of intact cells, but there was a significant (p < 0.002) difference in the proportion of intact cells between samples frozen in French straws (35.9% ± 16.5) and those frozen in cryovials (19.4% ± 4.9).