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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 February 2009
The Utraquist Church of Bohemia was unique among the late medieval defections in Western Christendom from the Church of Rome in that it involved the separation of an entire church, organized on a national territory, not merely an underground resistance of relatively isolated and scattered groups of sectarians, like the Waldensians or the Lollards. Moreover, the Bohemian Reformation was linked with a major social upheaval, the Hussite Revolution, lasting from 1419 to 1434, which historians have viewed as an early specimen, if not a prototype or the first link in the chain, of the revolutions of the early modern period in the Euroatlantic world: the Dutch, the English, the American, and the French revolutions. Building mainly on the Bohemian Reform movement that had gathered momentum since the mid-fourteenth century, the Utraquists' defiance of Rome, leading to the Hussite Revolution, was sparked by the burning of Jan Hus at the Council of Constance on July 6, 1415.
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2 The sect was destined to survive in exile as the Moravian Church (Unitas Fratrum). As of 1991 it claimed more than 56,000 members in the United States and over 2,000 in Canada. On its origins, see Wagner, Murray L., Petr Chelčický: A Radical Separatist in Hussite Bohemia (Scottsdale, Pa., 1983)Google Scholar. On the significance of Utraquist eucharistic reforms, see three articles by Holeton, David R., “Sacramental and Liturgical Reform in Late Medieval Bohemia,” Studia Liturgica 28, no. 1 (1987): 94Google Scholar; “The Communion of Infants and Hussitism,” 217–19Google Scholar; and “The Communion of Infants: The Basel Years,” Communio Viatorum 29 (1986): 35–36Google Scholar. For the history of the Consistory, see Tomek, Václav V., “O cirkevní správě strany pod oboji v Čechách od r. 1415 až 1622,” Časopis českého muzea 22 (1848): 365–83, 441–68Google Scholar; and Krofta, Kamil, “Boj o konsistoř pod obojí v letech 1562–1575 a jeho historický základ,” Český časopis historicitý 17 (1911): 28–57, 178–99, 283–303, 383–420Google Scholar. On the repudiation of the Taborites, see Bartoš, František, The Hussite Revolution, 1424–1437, ed. Klassen, John M. (Boulder, Colo., 1986), 112–18Google Scholar; and (for documentation) Nejedlý, Zdeněk, Prameny k synodám strany pražské a táborské (vznik husitské konfesse) v létech 1441–1444 (Prague, 1900), especially 56–95Google Scholar. The Taborites were defeated militarily in 1434 and suppressed in 1452.
3 The text of Bílejovský's work is available in a nineteenth-century edition by Skalický, Jozef (pseudonym for Ditrrich, Josef), Kronyka cýrkevní (Ecclesiastical chronicle) (Prague, 1816)Google Scholar. All quotations are from this edition. Born around 1480 in Malin near Kutná Hora, Bílejovský (pronounced Bee-lay-yof-skee) was ordained as a priest in Italy (probably in Venice) and served in Mělník, Čáslav, and Kutná Hora. Except for a brief mission to Tábor, he lived from 1532 onward in Prague, where he was elected to the Consistory two years later and where he died in 1555. For biographic data on Bílejovský, see Šimak, Josef V., “Bohuslava Bílejovského Kronika česká,” Český časopis historický 38 (1932): 92–93.Google Scholar
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