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The Development of Habsburg Policy in Hungary and the Einrichtungswerk of Cardinal Kollonich, 1683–90
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 January 2010
Extract
Historians interested in Habsburg policy in Hungary at the end of the seventeenth century have long focused their attention on the Einrichtungswerk des Königreichs Ungarn, a reform program drawn up under the direction of Cardinal Leopold Kollonich in 1688–89. Like a small number of similar “essential” documents—here the 1627 Verneuerte Landesordnung for Bohemia and the Pragmatic Sanction of 1723 spring to mind—the oft-asserted signifi cance of the Einrichtungswerk has long overshadowed the document itself: although most historians studying the Habsburg Empire know of Kollonich's plan, few actually know very much about it. Instead of a realistic appraisal of its actual provenance and place in the historical development of Habsburg policy, the document—or rather its impression—has been applied as an open-ended description of the ambitions of the imperial court. In the words of Austrian historian Oswald Redlich, Kollonich's plan for Hungary was fully “characteristic of the outlook and spirit of the Vienna ruling circles” at the end of the seventeenth century, and as such provides a reliable guide to imperial policy. Hungarian historians have turned to the Einrichtungswerk as a source from which to divine the Habsburgs' intentions toward Hungary—debating whether its proposed measures refl ect a genuine “anti-Magyar” spirit or only an antipathy toward the Hungarian nobles. It is carefully regarded as reflecting a genuine and largely missed opportunity for change, full of meaning for the future development of the kingdom.
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References
1 Though the original clean copy has been destroyed, there remain approximately a dozen surviving copies of the Einrichtungswerk in libraries and archives in Austria and Hungary. For this article, I have used the contemporary example in Kart. 382, Handschrift en, Hofkammer Archiv (hereaft er cited as HKA), Vienna, Austria, with marginal notes in an unknown hand, and the later manuscript copy in Fol. Germ. 201, Országos Széchényi Könvytár Kézirattár (hereaft er cited as OSzKK), Budapest, Hungary.
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15 10 June 1688, Bd. 322, Hoffinanz Ungarn, HKA.
16 This specific language appears here for the first time and is carried over with minor modification to the orders of 22 July and the Intimations Decree of 29 July, reproduced in appendix A of the Einrichtungswerk. See 483, fol. 1 Nr. 382, Handschriften, HKA.
17 22 July 1688, Conferenz Referat, Bd. 323, Hoffinanz Ungarn, HKA.
18 Ibid.
19 Instructions for Széchényi, 22 July 1688, fol. 355, Bd. 323, Hoffinanz Ungarn, HKA.
20 Mayer, Verwaltungsreform, 31.
21 22 July, 18, Bd. 323, Hoffinanz Ungarn, HKA; August 1688 Bd. 324, Hoffinanz Ungarn, HKA.
22 Krapf completed the draft of the Einrichtungswerk in the autumn of 1689 while Kollonich was in Rome for the papal election. Varga, “Berendezési tervezetek Magyarországon,” 451. See also Mayer, Verwaltungsreform, 32.
23 He was born in Komarno, where his father, Ernest Kollonich, was commander of the imperial garrison. For the details of Kollonich's life, Maurer's biography, Cardinal Leopold Graf Kollonitsch, though uneven, remains the most complete study. On his role in Habsburg religious affairs, see Bérenger, “Kollonich et Hongrie.”
24 Kollonich's father obtained a Hungarian patent of nobility in 1604. In spite of this detail (and the Kolloniches were not the only Croatian family to enter the Hungarian nobility during the Ottoman occupation—pace the Zrinyis, Frangepans, etc.), Hungarian historians have always treated Kollonich as a foreigner. See Varga, “A Nemzet Elnyomója Vagy a Nép Felemeloje?”
25 Vetus 260, Esztergomi Primasi Levéltár (hereaft er cited as EPL), Esztergom, Hungary.
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28 Fol. 39–44, 6 August 1688, Bd. 324, Hoffinanz Ungarn, HKA.
29 Iványi, “A ‘Magyar Einrichtungswerk’,” 164; Iványi, “Esterházy Pál Nádor,” 154–55. Iványi and other Hungarian historians have overlooked the common origin of both Kollonich's committee and the Pressburg committee in the 15 July conference.
30 Iványi, “A ‘Magyar Einrichtungswerk’,” 165.
31 Ibid.
32 The oft-cited figure of “eighty sessions in fifteen months” is not perhaps as diligent as it appears at first glance, as Kollonich's original instructions called for regular meetings of the Subdelegation two to three times per week. Relatio, fol. 362, 15 July 1688, Bd. 323, Hoffinanz Ungarn, HKA.
33 Mayer, Verwaltungsreform, 14–19; Wellmann, Ivan, “Merkantilistische Vorstellungen im 17. Jahrhundert und Ungarn,” in Nouvelles Études Historiques [New historical studies], vol. 1 (Budapest, 1965), 315–54.Google Scholar
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40 Bucsay, “Trauerdekade.”
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50 Hofkriegscommissariat memorandum to the Hofkammer, 16 April 1684, in Quellenbuch, ed. Tafferner, 2:6–8.
51 Though it was not mentioned in the proposal, the treasury also had another model closer to hand in the Csakathurn Cameral Administration, established in 1673 to supervise the management of the Zrinyi and Frangepan estates confiscated aft er the suppression of the Magnates’ Conspiracy. Kiss, Erzsébet Fabiánné, “A Csáktornyai (Kanizsai) és a Szlavón kamarai adminisztrácio vázlatos története 1673–1773” [Schematic history of Csáktornya (Kanizsa) and the Slavonian treasury administration], Levéltári Közlemények 59 (1988): 291–306.Google Scholar
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56 Hofkammerreferrat, 29 August 1684, in Quellenbuch, ed. Tafferner, 2:24–31. Notification of Belchamp's assignment was given to the Hungarian Treasury on 12 September. See Tafferner, Quellenbuch, 3:16–17.
57 Varga, “Inszurrekció, kvártély, és porció,” 127–29.
58 “Deswegen in bedenkhen Khommen, daß das absehen haubtsächlich dahin gerichtet, wie die Armeé den Wintter hindurch außer der Erblanden zu verpflegen und die Tributa diser Länder zu dem Übrigen Apparatu Belli zu erhaltten wehren.” Tafferner, Quellenbuch, 1:32–38.
59 Ibid., 3:37–39.
60 Belchamps to the Hofkammer, 8 September 1685, in ibid., 3:43–44.
61 Hofkammerrelation, 3 October 1685, in ibid., 2:43–50.
62 “[A]lle thueliche und genoßbahre Würtschaft s-Einkhunft en zur Bestreüttung der underschwinglichen schweren Kriegs- und Fortifications-Ausgaaben bis auf/: was Gott gebe:/ bessere Zeithen Uns allein gebühren und zuestehen.”
63 Tafferner, Quellenbuch, 3:57–61; see Mezősi, “Fegyverjog megváltása,” 181, citing 3 November 1685, Bd. 374, Hoffinanz Ungarn, HKA.
64 Tafferner, Quellenbuch, 1:46–50; see Mayer, Verwaltungsreform, 93–97, who apparently overlooked the existence of the earlier orders.
65 22–73, Einrichtungswerk, Fol. Ger. 201, OSzKK.
66 Ibid., 80–101.
67 Contrary to earlier Hungarian historians, the differential treatment proposed for Hungarian and German settlers was not a “national” or anti-Magyar policy; it was an effort to offset the greater cost incurred by foreign settlers and encourage immigration, in keeping with mercantilist theory. The simple transfer of peasants from northern and western Hungary would have no effect on the aggregate population of the country. This is made explicit in the original Impopulations Patens of 11 August 1689, in Quellenbuch, ed. Tafferner, 1:53–54.
68 73–76, Einrichtungswerk, Fol. Ger. 201, OSzKK.
69 Ibid., 105–18.
70 The original Impopulations Patens and regulations for its implementation, signed by Kollonich and Péter Korompay, Bishop of Nitra, are reproduced in Tafferner, Quellenbuch, 1:53–57.
71 Kollonich's work as head of the Commisio Neo Acquistica had the emperor's personal blessing. Leopold I to Kollonich, 22 October 1689, Vetus 302, EPL; Maurer, Cardinal Leopold Graf Kollonitsch, 232.
72 Mayer, Verwaltungsreform, 63.
73 Fol. 1, Nr. 382, Handschriften, HKA.
74 Fol. 14, Bd. 330, Hoffinanz Ungarn, HKA.
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77 Ibid., nos. 3, 4, 5 March 1689.
78 Ibid., no. 16, 26 May 1689.
79 4 June 1689, Karton 7, Konferenzprotocolle und Relationen, Vorträge and den Kaiser, Staatskanzlei, HHStA.
80 23 July, 568, Instructionen, HKA.
81 1 June 1689, Ungarische Reihe, Gedenkbücher, HKA.
82 Ibid., 23 July 1689.
83 The emperor was with his court in Augsburg to arrange the election of Joseph as king of the Germans.
84 Emma Iványi, Esterházy Pál Nádor közigazgatási tevékenysége (1681–1713) [The administrative functions of Palatine Pál Esterházy (1681–1713)] (Budapest, 1991), 144–45; Tafferner, Quellenbuch, 4:33–34.
85 Mayer, Verwaltungsreform, 65.
86 Varga, “Késérlet az ‘Einrichtungswerk’ megvalósítására.” Indeed, so little was changed that more than thirty years later, when preparing reform plans in advance of the 1723 diet, the president of the Systematia Commissio, Cardinal Imre Csáky, Archbishop of Kalocsa, requested to review a copy of the Einrichtungswerk for relevant ideas.