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² Herzl, Theodor, Briefe und Tagebücher, ed. Bein, Alex, Greive, Hermann, Schaerf, Moshe, and Schoeps, Julius H., 5 vols. (Berlin, 1983), 2:48.Google Scholar

³ Bein, Alex, Theodore Herzl, trans. Samuel, Maurice (Philadelphia, 1941), 335–36.Google Scholar

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⁶ Schaukal, , Beiträge zu einer Selbstdarstellung, 55.Google Scholar

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⁸ See Mayer, Arno J., The Persistence of the Old Regime (New York, 1981).Google Scholar

⁹ Sked, Alan, The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire (London, 1989), 187.Google Scholar Sked makes the case against the thesis of the decline and “inevitable” fall of the Habsburg order. Despite its well-known weaknesses, he concludes, the empire dissolved because it lost World War I.

¹⁰ Trommler, Frank, “The Creation of a Culture of Sachlichkeit,” in Society, Culture, and the State in Germany, 1870–1930, ed. Eley, Geoff (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1996), 465–85Google Scholar; Trommler, , “Sachlichkeit statt Bürgerlichkeit,” in Von der Aufgabe der Freiheit. Politische Verantwortung und bürgerliche Gesellschaft im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, ed. Jansen, Christian, Niethammer, Lutz, and Weisbrod, Bernd (Berlin, 1995), 63–46.Google Scholar

¹¹ Bein, Alex, Theodor Herzl (Vienna, 1934), 81.Google Scholar

¹² Schaukal, , Beiträge zu einer Selbstdarstellung, 18.Google Scholar

¹³ Schaukal, Richard, Intérieurs aus dem Leben der Zwanzigjährigen (Leipzig, 1901), 186.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Schaukal, Richard, Vom Geschmack. Zeitgemässe Laienpredigten über das Thema Kultur (Munich, 1910).Google Scholar

¹⁵ Schaukal, Richard and Schnitzler, Arthur, Briefwechsel (1900–1902)Google Scholar, ed. Urbach, Reinhard, Modern Austrian Literature 8, no. 3/4 (1975): 31.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Elster, Hanns Martin, “Richard Schaukal,” Xenien 11 (1909): 299.Google Scholar

¹⁷ The official proclamation for the ennoblement of Schaukal appeared in Wiener Zeitung, 05 28, 1918, 1.Google Scholar For Schaukal as the last high civil servant, consult Suchy, Viktor, “Die ‘österreichische Idee’ als konservative Staatsidee bei Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Richard von Schaukal und Anton Wildgans,” in Staat und Gesellschaft in der modernen österreichischen Literatur, ed. Aspetsberger, Friedbert (Vienna, 1977), 29.Google Scholar

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¹⁹ “Allerhöchste Entschließung,” 05 18, 1918Google Scholar (Priora: 3934/ K.U.M.) Staatsarchiv (Vienna). The case of Schaukal numbered among the 712 elevations in rank performed during the two-year reign of Emperor Karl. For noble promotion during this period, see Wiesflecker, Peter, “Nobilitierungen Kaiser Karls I von Österreich. Studien zum Österreichischen Adel am Ende der Donaumonarchie” (D.Phil, diss., University of Vienna, 1992).Google Scholar

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²² Schaukal, Richard, Meine Gärten (Berlin, 1897), 123Google Scholar: “Above meadows and fog / Breaks sleepily the day. / No welcoming larksong, / Only the clashing of cavalry sabers / And the dragging of tired hooves / On a hard and broken road. / Legs and dreams sluggish … / Out of the distance, a prophecy of doom.”

²³ Schaukal, Richard, “Ausfahrt,” in Das Buch der Tage und Träume, rev. ed. (1899; Leipzig, 1902), 7Google Scholar: “Farewell, you garden breezes, / suffused with the scent of violet and mild. / Our hair is without fragrance, / we have a sword on our hips: / sound the sword on the shield.”

²⁴ Although his sample reaches beyond 1908—the year that brought the Expressionist breakthrough and, for most scholars, the close of the “fin de siècle”—Armin A. Wallas responds to some now conventional readings of the garden in “Ort des paradiesischen Lebens und Ort der Verwüstung. Das Bild des Gartens in der österreichischen Literatur der Jahrhundertwende,” Protokolle 1 (1991): 73–94.Google Scholar

²⁵ Rilke, Rainer Maria, review of Ausgewählte GedichteGoogle Scholar, by Schaukal, Richard, Die Zukunft 51 (1905): 39–40.Google Scholar

²⁶ Schaukal, Richard, Ausgewählte Gedichte (Leipzig, 1904), 93Google Scholar: “Mount my horse, test his / stride / along the covered path in the park next to the castle rid- / ing.” Some editions of Schaukal's poetry use a dot stop, rather than a comma, to indicate a clausal break. This practice has been reproduced here.

²⁷ Ibid.: “Look, it pays attention / the animal knows that I am talking about it.”

²⁸ Ibid.: “Look how proudly and happily it laughs / I rode the horse to much hunting / to many feuds.”

²⁹ Hermand, Jost, “Gralsmotive um die Jahrhundertwende,” in Von Mainz nach Weimar (1793–1919) (Stuttgart, 1969), 269–97.Google Scholar

³⁰ For the genesis of this work, see the three versions and documentation collected in Simon, Walter, Rainer Maria Rilke. Die Weise von Liebe und Tod. Texte und Dokumente (Frankfurt, 1974).Google Scholar On Rilke's noble self-understanding, see Simenauer, Erich, Rainer Maria Rilke. Legende und Mythos (Frankfurt, 1953), 383–414.Google Scholar

³¹ For the literary and cultural context of Der Gral, see Leroy, Robert, “Der Gral. Aus den Anfängen einer katholischen Literaturzeitschrift,” Tijdschrift voor Levende/Revue des Langues Vivantes 25, no. 1 (1979): 29–53.Google Scholar

³² McGrath, William J., Dionysian Art and Populist Politics in Austria (New Haven, Conn., 1974), 98–99.Google Scholar

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³⁴ Schaukal, , Ausgewählte Gedichte, 40Google Scholar: “Higher workings silently disposed / Enemies frankly shown the colors / Noble goal in the distance. / Hold my eyes and heart open, / Lord, my God, and let me learn / From pain as from pleasure!”

³⁵ Bourdieu, Pierre, The Logic of Practice, trans. Nice, Richard (Cambridge, Eng., 1990), 70.Google Scholar

³⁶ See Mosse, George L., Nationalism and Sexuality: Respectability and Abnormal Sexuality in Modern Europe (Madison, 1985)Google Scholar, and Mosse, , The Image of Man: The Creation of Modern Masculinity, Studies in the History of Sexuality Series (New York, 1996).Google Scholar

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³⁸ Schaukal, Richard, Sehnsucht (Munich, 1900), 17Google Scholar: “Armored I ride from you, locking behind me / the gates, / the morning heralds its red return. / Watches me from its distant gazing gallery, / the first arrows of the sun hit my naked shield.”

³⁹ Schaukal, , Ausgewählte Gedichte, 83Google Scholar: “His helmet bears a smooth edge / his armor is of black steel / his horse has eyes like rubies / his look shot through me like a ray.”

⁴⁰ Ibid., 80: “Oh, if only I were already riding in battle vestments / to win for myself a fair wife.”

⁴¹ Schaukal, Richard, Leben und Meinungen des Herrn Andreas von Balthesser eines Dandy und Dilettanten (Munich, 1907), 25, 98.Google Scholar

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⁴⁹ Quoted in Handler, Andrew, Dori: The Life and Times of Theodor Herzl in Budapest (1860–1878) (University, Ala., 1983), 42.Google Scholar For a study of Herzl suggesting that those talks on the street did not last long and that the sexuality of Herzl, in fact, had something in common with that of the woman-hating dandy, see Loewenberg, Peter, “Theodor Herzl: Nationalism and Politics,” in Decoding the Past (New York, 1983), 101–35.Google Scholar

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⁶⁰ The reception of Oscar Wilde in Austria is a complex one. For a view of “Wilde's iconographic role among the German-Jewish avant-garde as the essential outsider,” read Gilman, Sander, “Opera, Homosexuality, and Models of Disease: Richard Strauss's Salome in the Context of Images of Disease in the Fin de Siècle,” in Disease and Representation: Images of Illness from Madness to AIDS (Ithaca, N.Y., 1988), 155–81.Google Scholar

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⁸² von Doderer, Heimito, Die Strudlhofstiege oder Melzer und die Tiefe der Jahre (1951; reprint, Vienna, 1993), 260–61Google Scholar: “Sie haben etwas sehr Stoßkräftiges, diese Genicke, sie erinnern durch ihre rasierte Glätte an ein Knie, in der Funktion dem bewußten Ellenbogen nicht unverwandt.… Mitunter geschieht das jedoch erst, wenn sie einem den Rücken drehen (was sie gut können), und da erkennt man's erst recht, mit wem man es zu tun hatte—wenn man das Genick sieht: ach so, aha.… Aber hierin liegt eben der Kniff und Trick jener Genickler: man sieht ihr eigentliches Gesicht erst, wenn sie sich abgewandt haben, also zu spät, jedenfalls beim ersten Zusammentreffen viel zu spät und wenn es schon vorbei ist. Sie tragen ihr Gesicht rückwärts.”

⁸³ Herzl, , Briefe und Tagebücher, 2:539.Google Scholar For a perspective on this episode that emphasizes Herzl's state-building aspirations, see Beller, Steven, “Herzl's Tannhäuser: The Redemption of Artist as Politician,” in Austrians and Jews in the Twentieth Century: From Franz Joseph to Waldheim, ed. Wistrich, Robert S. (New York, 1992), 38–57.Google Scholar

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⁸⁸ It should be noted that Herzl did, at times, profess admiration for the figure of the Prussian nobleman. That the fiercely self-reliant, rural, and pious Junker embodied the practical aspirations of the cosmopolitan Herzl is, however, doubtful. Indeed, as Max Weber used to argue, it was precisely due to Junker forms of socialibility that, in contrast to their German-Austrian neighbors, Germans had never been fully formed as aristocrats. Weber, Max, Gesamtausgabe, vol. 15Google Scholar: Zur Politik im Weltkrieg. Schriften und Reden 1914–1918, ed. Mommsen, Wolfgang J. (Tübingen, 1984), pt. 1, 347–96.Google Scholar For more on Herzl's understanding of the aristocrat, see the important recent work of Kornberg, Jacques, Theodor Herzl: From Assimilation to Zionism (Bloomington, Ind., 1993).Google Scholar

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