Cape Vulture Gyps coprotheres is endemic to southern Africa and is globallythreatened. Colonies in Botswana comprisepart of one of the two core breeding areas in the species's range, and verylittle has previously been published aboutthem. Ground censusing of 11 Cape Vulture sites in Botswana was undertakenfrom 1992 to 1999, continuing amonitoring programme initiated by the authors in 1984. Survey methods andcensus procedures are documented. Thepotential Cape Vulture breeding population in Botswana is estimated to beabout 600 pairs, comprising at least 100pairs at Mannyelanong in the south-east and about 500 pairs in easternBotswana. This represents an increase fromprevious estimates, and reflects improved census techniques rather than anincrease in population size. The meanturnover rate of nest site usage from one year to the next averaged 21% atMannyelanong, and was about 26% atManong Yeng in eastern Botswana. Annual productivity of nest sitesincreased with the number of years the site hadbeen occupied. Over the eight years of study eggs were laid in at least 436of 477 nests (91.4%) at Mannyelanong;chicks survived to mid season (60–80 days old) in 327 nests (75% of eggslaid), and fledged (best estimate) in 248nests (56.9% of eggs laid and 52% of pairs attempting to breed). In easternBotswana eggs were laid in at least 1,825of 2,101 nests (86.9%); chicks survived to mid season in 1,272 nests (69.7%of eggs laid). Two seasons have beenexcluded for eastern Botswana (1994 and 1995) due to incomplete data, andbreeding success can be estimated onlyfrom 1997 to 1999: of 990 eggs laid out of 1,108 nests, chicks fledged in384 nests (38.8% of eggs laid and 34.6% ofpairs attempting to breed). The eastern Botswana breeding populationremains in a state of flux following the collapseof a primary colony that was the country's Cape Vulture stronghold.Conservation concerns and the vulnerability ofCape Vulture sites are discussed.