Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-pftt2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-30T19:15:17.131Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A Bioarchaeological Investigation of Cultural Change in Dorset, England (Mid-to-Late Fourth Century B.C. to the End of the Fourth Century A.D.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 2010

Rebecca Redfern
Affiliation:
Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan, The British Museum, rebeccaredfern@hotmail.com

Abstract

This paper discusses the results of the first regional and bioarchaeological analysis of health in late Iron Age and Roman Britain. This tested the hypothesis that cultural and environmental changes in Dorset would result in changes to demography, stature, dental health and infectious disease. The study observed change to all health variables, supporting environmental and archaeological evidence for the introduction of urban centres, changes in living conditions, greater population movement, and development of the agricultural economy. Importantly, the study demonstrated that these responses did not reflect changes observed in other areas of Britain or Gaul.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Rebecca Redfern 2008. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adkins, L., and Adkins, R.A. 1998: Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome Rome, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Aitken, G.M., and Aitken, G.N. 1991: ‘Excavations at Whitcombe, 1965–1967’, Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. Archaeol. Soc. 112, 5794Google Scholar
Albarella, U. 2007: ‘The end of the sheep age: people and animals in the late Iron Age’, in Haselgrove and Pope (2007), 389402CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alland, A. 1966: ‘Medical anthropology and the study of biological and cultural adaptation’, American Anthropologist 68, 4051CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, M.J. 1993a: ‘Marine mollusca’, in Smith, R.J.C. (ed.), Excavations at County Hall, Colliton Park, Dorchester, Dorset, 1988, Wessex Archaeology Report 4, Salisbury, 82Google Scholar
Allen, M.J. 1993b: ‘Terrestrial mollusca’, in Smith, R.J.C. (ed.), Excavations at County Hall, Colliton Park, Dorchester, Dorset, 1988, Wessex Archaeology Report 4, Salisbury, 71–3Google Scholar
Austad, N.E. 2001: ‘Concepts and theories of aging’, in Masoro, E.J. and Austad, S.N. (eds), Handbook of the Biology of Aging (2nd edn), London, 322Google Scholar
Beck, L.A. (ed.) 1995: Regional Approaches to Mortuary Analysis, New YorkCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, L.A. 2006: ‘Kidder, Hooton, Pecos, and the birth of bioarchaeology’, in Buikstra, J.E. and Beck, L.A. (eds), Bioarchaeology, the Contextual Analysis of Human Remains, London, 8394Google Scholar
Bello, S.M., Thomann, A., Signoli, M., Dutour, O., and Andrews, P. 2006: ‘Age and sex bias in the, reconstruction of past population structures’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 129, 2438CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bishop, N.A., and Knüsel, C.J. 2005: ‘A palaeodemographic investigation of warfare in prehistory’, in Parker Pearson, M. and Thorpe, I.J.N. (eds), Warfare, Violence and Slavery in Prehistory. Proceedings of a Prehistoric Society Conference at Sheffield University, BAR International Series 1374, Oxford, 201–16Google Scholar
Blackmore, C., Braithewaite, M., and Hodder, I. 1979: ‘Social and cultural patterning in the late Iron Age in southern England’, in Burnham, B.C. and Kingsbury, J. (eds), Space, Hierarchy and Society. Interdisciplinary Studies in Social Area Analysis, BAR International Series 59, Oxford, 93111Google Scholar
Bogin, B. 2001: The Growth of Humanity, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Boylston, A. 2000: ‘The Roman inhumations’, in Dawson, M. (ed.), Archaeology in the Bedford Region Befordshire Archaeological Monograph 4, 309–36Google Scholar
Brickley, M., and McKinley, J.I. (eds) 2004: Guidelines to the Standards for Recording Human Remains, Institute of Field Archaeologists Paper No. 7, ReadingGoogle Scholar
Bryant, L. 1990: ‘Dorset’, in Coles, B.J. and Bryant, L. (eds), Organic Archaeological Remains in Southwest Britain, Exeter, 3556Google Scholar
Buckland-Wright, J.C. 1987: ‘The animal bones’, in Sparey Green, C. (ed.), Excavations at Poundbury Volume 1: the Settlements, Dorset Nat. Hist. Archaeol. Soc. Monograph 27, Dorchester, 129–32Google Scholar
Budd, P., Millard, A., Chenery, C., Lucy, S., and Roberts, C. 2003: ‘Investigating population movement by stable isotope analysis: a report from Britain’, Antiquity 74, 127–41Google Scholar
Buikstra, J.E., and Ubelaker, D.H. (eds) 1994: Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains. Proceedings of a Seminar at The Field Museum of Natural History Organized by Jonathan Haas, Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series 44, ArkansasGoogle Scholar
Bush, H., and Zvelebil, M. 1991: ‘Pathology and health in past societies: an introduction’, in Bush, H. and Zvelebil, M. (eds), Health in Past Societies, Biocultural Interpretations of Human Skeletal Remains in Archaeological Contexts, BAR International Series 567, Oxford, 310CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, G. 2007: ‘Excarnation to cremation: continuity or change?’, in Haselgrove and Moore (2007), 444–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chamberlain, A. 2006: Demography in Archaeology, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Chen, P.C.Y. 1988: ‘Longhouse dwelling, social contact and the prevalence of leprosy and tuberculosis among native tribes of Sarawak’, Social Science Medicine 26.10, 1073–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, G. 1994: Women in Late Antiquity, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Cool, H.E.M. 2006: Eating and Drinking in Roman Britain, CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Courtenay, W.H. 2002: ‘Behavioral factors associated with disease, injury, and death among men: evidence and implications for prevention’, International Journal of Men's Health 1.3, 281342CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Courtenay, W.H. 2003: ‘Key determinants of the health and well-being of men and boys’, International Journal of Men';s Health 2.1, 130Google Scholar
Cox, M. 2000: ‘Assessment of parturition’, in Cox, M. and Mays, S. (eds), Human Osteology in Archaeology and Forensic Science, London, 131–42Google Scholar
Craig, R., Knüsel, C., and Carr, G. 2005: ‘Fragmentation, mutilation and dismemberment: an interpretation of human remains on Iron Age sites’, in Parker Pearson, M. and Thorpe, I.J.N. (eds), Warfare, Violence and Slavery in Prehistory, BAR International Series 1374, Oxford, 165–80Google Scholar
Creighton, J. 2000: Coins and Power in Late Iron Age Britain, CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowe, F. 2001: ‘Women, burial data and issues of inclusion. The problems and potential of Romano-British cemeteries’, in Dixon, S. (ed.), Childhood, Class and Kin in the Roman World, London, 144–62Google Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 1991: Iron Age Communities in Britain. An Account of England, Scotland and Wales from the Seventh Century B.C. until the Roman Conquest, LondonGoogle Scholar
Dark, K., and Dark, P. 1998: The Landscape of Roman Britain, StroudGoogle Scholar
Davies, S.M., and Grieve, D. 1986: ‘The Poundbury pipeline: archaeological observations and excavations’, Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. Archaeol. Soc. 108, 81–8Google Scholar
Davies, S.M., and Thompson, C.N. 1987: ‘Archaeological evaluation at Southfield House, Dorchester, Dorset’, Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. Archaeol. Soc. 107, 101–10Google Scholar
Davies, S.M., Bellamy, P.S., Heaton, M.J., and Woodward, P.J. (eds) 2002: Excavations at Alington Avenue, Fordington, Dorchester, Dorset, 1984–87, Dorset Nat. Hist. Archaeol. Soc. Monograph 15, DorchesterGoogle Scholar
Davison, C. 2000: ‘Gender imbalance in Romano-British cemetery populations’, in Pearce, J., Millett, M. and Struck, M. (eds), Burial, Society and Context in the Roman World, Oxford, 231–7Google Scholar
Dobney, K. 2001: ‘A place at the table: the role of vertebrate zooarchaeology within a Roman research agenda’, in James and Millett (2001), 3645Google Scholar
Dobney, K., and Ervynck, A. 2007: ‘To fish or not to fish? Evidence for the possible avoidance of fish consumption during the Iron Age around the North Sea’, in Haselgrove and Pope (2007), 354–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ede, J. 1993: ‘Plant remains’, in Smith, R.J.C. (ed.), Excavations at County Hall, Colliton Park, Dorchester, Dorset 1988, Wessex Archaeology Report 4, Salisbury, 73–7Google Scholar
Farwell, D.E., and Molleson, T.L. (eds) 1993: Excavations at Poundbury 1966–80 Volume II, Dorset Nat. Hist. Archaeol. Soc. Monograph 11, DorchesterGoogle Scholar
Flemming, R. 2000: Medicine and the Making of Roman Women. Gender, Nature and Authority from Celsus to Galen, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Frier, B.W. 2002: ‘Roman demography’, in Potter, D.S. and Mattingly, D.J. (eds), Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire, Michigan, 85109Google Scholar
Gale, J. 2003: Prehistoric Dorset, StroudGoogle Scholar
Goodman, A.H., and Martin, D.L. 2002: ‘Reconstructing health profiles from skeletal remains’, in Steckel and Rose (2002), 1160Google Scholar
Gowland, R.L., and Chamberlain, A.T. 2002: ‘A Bayesian approach to ageing perinatal skeletal material from archaeological sites: implications for the evidence for infanticide in Roman Britain’, Journal Archaeological Science 29.6, 677–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, A. (ed) 2006: The Excavation of Beaker Burials, the Iron Age and Romano-British Settlements and the 4th Century Cuurtyard Villa at Barton Field, Tarrant Hinton, Dorset, 1968–1984, Dorset Nat. Hist. Archaeol. Soc. Monograph 17, DorchesterGoogle Scholar
Grindsell, L.V. 1958: The Archaeology of Wessex, LondonGoogle Scholar
Groube, L.M., and Bowden, M.C.B. 1982: The Archaeology of Rural Dorset. Past, Present and Future, Dorset Nat. Hist. Archaeol. Soc. Monograph 4, DorchesterGoogle Scholar
Guatelli-Steinberg, D., and Lukacs, J.R. 1999: ‘Interpreting sex differences in enamel hypoplasia in human and non-human primates: developmental, environmental, and cultural considerations’, Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 42, 731263.0.CO;2-K>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton-Dyer, S. 1993: ‘Animal bone’, in Smith, R.J.C. (ed.), Excavations at County Hall, Colliton Park, Dorchester, Dorset, 1988, Wessex Archaeology Report 4, Salisbury, 7782Google Scholar
Hamilton-Dyer, S. 1999: ‘Animal bone’, in Hearne and Birbeck (1999), 188202CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamlin, C. 2007: The Material Expression of Social Change: Mortuary Practices in Late Pre-Roman and Roman Dorset, unpub. PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin, MilwaukeeGoogle Scholar
Harcourt, R. 1979: ‘The animal bones’, in Wainwright, G.J. (ed.), Gussage All Saints. An Iron Age Settlement in Dorset, Department of the Environment Archaeological Report 10, London, 150–60Google Scholar
Haselgrove, C., Armit, I., Champion, T., Creighton, J., Gwilt, A., Hill, J.D., Hunter, F., and Woodward, A. 2001: Understanding the British Iron Age: an Agenda for Action. A Report for the Iron Age Research Seminar and the Council of the Prehistoric Society, TrowbridgeGoogle Scholar
Haselgrove, C., and Moore, T. (eds) 2007: The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Haselgrove, C., and Pope, R. (eds) 2007: The Earlier Iron Age in Britain and the Near Continent, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Hawkes, G. 2001: ‘An archaeology of food: a case study from Roman Britain’, in Davies, G., Gardner, A. and Lockyear, K. (eds), TRAC 2000, Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference London 2000, Oxford, 94103Google Scholar
Hazzard, W.R. 2001: ‘Aging, health, longevity, and the promise of biomedical research: the perspective of a gerontologist and geriatrician’, in Masoro, E.J. and Austad, S.N. (eds), Handbook of the Biology of Aging (2nd edn), London, 445–56Google Scholar
Hearne, C.M., and Birbeck, V. (eds) 1999: A35 Tolpuddle to Puddletown Bypass DBFO, Dorset, 1996–8 Incorporating Excavations at Tolpuddle Ball 1993, Wessex Archaeology Report 15, SalisburyGoogle Scholar
Henderson, J. 1989: ‘Pagan Saxon cemeteries: a study of the problems of sexing by grave goods and bones’, in Roberts, C.A., Lee, F. and Bintliff, J. (eds), Burial Archaeology: Current Research, Methods and Developments, BAR British Series 211, Oxford, 7783Google Scholar
Hey, G., Bayliss, A., and Boyle, A. 1999: ‘Iron Age inhumation burials at Yarnton, oxfordshire’, Antiquity 73, 551–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillson, S. 1998: Dental Anthropology, LondonGoogle Scholar
Hillson, S., and Bond, S. 1997: ‘Relationship of enamel hypoplasia to the pattern of tooth crown growth: a discussion’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 104, 89103Google Scholar
Hingley, R. 1989: Rural Settlement in Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Hingley, R. 2005: Globalizing Roman Culture. Unity, Diversity and Empire, LondonCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoppa, R., and Saunders, S. 1998: ‘The MAD legacy: how meaningful is mean age-at-death in skeletal samples’, Human Evolution 13.1, 114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, G.M. 1976a: ‘Environmental factors in disease’, in Lenihan, J. and Fletcher, W.W. (eds), Health and the Environment. Environment and Man Volume Three, London, 129Google Scholar
Howe, G.M. 1976b: ‘The environment, its influences and hazards to health’, in Howe, G.M. and Loraine, J.A. (eds), Environmental Medicine (2nd edn), London, 18Google Scholar
Hurst, H. (ed.) 1999: The Coloniae of Roman Britain: New Studies and a Review, Journal of Roman, Archaeology Supplementary Series 36Google Scholar
Isçan, M., and Loth, S. 1986a: ‘Determination of age from the sternal rib in White males: a test of the phase method’, Journal of Forensic Science 31, 122–32Google Scholar
Isçan, M., and Loth, S. 1986b: ‘Determination of age from the sternal rib in White females: a test of the phase method’, Journal of Forensic Science 31, 990–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, R. 1999: ‘Spas, waters, and hydrotherapy in the Roman world’, in DeLaine, J. and Johnston, D.E. (eds), Roman Baths and Bathing, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Roman Baths held at Bath, England, 30 March–4 April 1992. Part 1: Bathing and Society, Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary Series 37, 107–16Google Scholar
Jackson, R. 2000: Doctors and Disease in the Roman Empire, LondonGoogle Scholar
James, S. 2001: ‘“Romanization” and the peoples of Britain’, in Keay, S. and Terrenato, N. (eds), Italy and the West. Comparative Issues in Romanization, Oxford, 186209Google Scholar
James, S. 2007: ‘A bloodless past: the pacification of Early Iron Age Britain’, in Haselgrove and Pope (2007), 160–73Google Scholar
James, S., and Millett, M. (eds) 2001: Britons and Romans: Advancing an Archaeological Agenda, CBA, Research Report 125, YorkGoogle Scholar
Jay, M., and Richards, M.P. 2006: ‘Diet in the Iron Age cemetery population at Wetwang Slack, East Yorkshire, UK: carbon and nitrogen stable isotope evidence’, Journal Archaeological Science 33.5, 653–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keeley, H.C.M. (ed.) 1987: Environmental Archaeology, a Regional Review Volume II, Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England occasional Paper 1, LondonGoogle Scholar
Kemkes-Grottenthaler, A. 2002: ‘Aging through the ages: historical perspectives on age indicator methods’, in Hoppa, R.D. and Vaupel, J.W. (eds), Paleodemography. Age Distributions from Skeletal Samples Cambridge, 4872Google Scholar
Kenward, H., and Hall, A. 1997: ‘Enhancing bioarchaeological interpretation using indicator groups: stable manure as a paradigm’, Journal Archaeological Science 24.7, 663–73Google Scholar
King, A. 1999: ‘Diet in the Roman world: a regional inter-site comparison of the mammal bones’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 12, 168202CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krogman, W.M., and Isçan, M.Y. 1986: The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine (2nd edn), IllnoisGoogle Scholar
Lamb, H.H. 1981: ‘Climate from 1000 BC to 1000 AD’, in Jones, M. and Dimbleby, G. (eds), The Environment of Man: the Iron Age to the Anglo-Saxon Period, BAR British Series 87, Oxford, 5365Google Scholar
Larsen, C.S., and Milner, G.R. (eds) 1994: In the Wake of Contact: Biological Responses to Conquest, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Leech, R. 1980: ‘Religion and burials in south Somerset and north Dorset’, in Rodwell, W. (ed.), Temples, Churches and Religion: Recent Research in Roman Britain, Part i, BAR British Series 77(i), Oxford, 329–66Google Scholar
Lovell, N.C., and Whyte, I. 1999: ‘Patterns of dental enamel defects at ancient Mendes, Egypt’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 110, 6980Google Scholar
Maltby, M. 1981: ‘Iron Age, Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon animal husbandry – a review of the faunal evidence’, in Jones, M. and Dimbleby, G. (eds), The Environment of Man: the Iron Age to the Anglo-Saxon Period, BAR British Series 87, Oxford, 155203Google Scholar
Maltby, M. 1993: ‘Animal bones’, in Woodward, P.J., Davies, S.M. and Graham, A.H. (eds), Excavations at the Old Methodist Chapel and Greyhound Yard, Dorchester, 1981–4, Dorset Nat. Hist. Archaeol. Soc., Monograph 4, Dorchester, 315–40Google Scholar
Manzi, G., Santandrea, E., and Passarello, P. 1997: ‘Dental size and shape in the Roman Imperial Age: two examples from the area of Rome’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 102, 469–79Google Scholar
Mattingly, D. 2006: An Imperial Possession. Britain in the Roman Empire, LondonGoogle Scholar
Maw, R. 1976: ‘Interim report on an excavation at Rope Lake Hole near Kimmeridge, Dorset’, Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. Archaeol. Soc. 97, 51Google Scholar
Mays, S. 1993: ‘Infanticide in Roman Britain’, Antiquity 67, 883–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mays, S. 2003: ‘Comment on “A Bayesian approach to ageing perinatal skeletal material from archaeological sites: implications for the evidence for infanticide in Roman-Britain” by R.L. Gowland and A.T. Chamberlain’,Journal Archaeological Science 30, 16951700Google Scholar
Mays, S., and Taylor, G.M. 2003: ‘A first prehistoric case of tuberculosis from Britain’, International Journal Osteoarchaeology 13, 189–96Google Scholar
Mays, S., Brickley, M., and Dodwell, N. 2004: Human Bones from Archaeological Sites. Guidelines for Producing Assessment Documents and Analytical Reports, SwindonGoogle Scholar
McElroy, A., and Townsend, P.K. 1996: Medical Anthropology in Ecological Perspective (3rd edn), OxfordGoogle Scholar
Merrifield, R. 1983: London, City of the Romans, LondonGoogle Scholar
Millett, M. 1997: English Heritage Book of Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Montgomery, J., Evans, J.A., Powesland, D., and Roberts, C.A. 2005: ‘Continuity of colonization in Anglo-Saxon England? Isotope evidence for mobility, subsistence practice and status at West Heslerton’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 126, 123–38Google Scholar
Müldner, G., and Richards, M.P. 2007: ‘Stable isotope evidence for 1500 years of human diet at the city of York, UK’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 133, 682–97Google Scholar
O'Connell, L. 2000: The Human Skeletal Remains from Kimmeridge, unpub. report, Bournemouth University School of Conservation ScienceGoogle Scholar
Ortner, D.H. 2003: Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains (2nd edn), LondonGoogle Scholar
Papworth, M. 2007: Deconstructing the Durotriges, unpub. PhD thesis, University of ReadingGoogle Scholar
Parkin, T.G. 1992: Demography and Roman Society, LondonGoogle Scholar
Pease, A.S. 1940: ‘Some remarks on the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in Antiquity’, Isis 31, 380–93Google Scholar
Peck, J.J. 2007: ‘The impact of Roman imperialism: skeletal evidence of dental health and diet in Britain’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 44, 186Google Scholar
Prowse, T.L., Schwarcz, H.P., Garnsey, P., Knyf, M., Macchiarelli, R., and Bondioli, L. 2007: ‘Isotopic evidence for age-related immigration to imperial Rome’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132, 510–19CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Putnam, W.G. 1998: Skeleton from Frampton, unpub. reportGoogle Scholar
Redfern, R.C. 2005: A Gendered Analysis of Health from the Iron Age to the End of the Romano-British Period in Dorset, England (Mid to Late 8th th Century B.C. to the End of the 4th A.D.), unpub. PhD thesis, Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity, University of BirminghamGoogle Scholar
Redfern, R.C. 2007: ‘The influence of culture upon childhood: an osteological study of Iron Age and Romano-British Dorset, England’, in Harlow, M. and Laurence, R. (eds), Age and Ageing in the Roman Empire, Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 64, 171–90Google Scholar
Redfern, R.C. in press: ‘A bioarchaeological analysis of violence in Iron Age females: a perspective from Dorset England (mid to late seventh century BC to the first century AD)’, in O.P. Davis, N.M. Sharples and K.E. Waddington (eds), Changing Perspectives on the First Millennium B.C., OxfordGoogle Scholar
Reid, D.J., and Dean, M.C. 2000: ‘Brief communication: the timing of linear hypoplasias on human anterior teeth’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 113, 135–93.0.CO;2-A>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Resnick, D. (ed.) 2002: Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Disorders (4th edn), PhiladelphiaGoogle Scholar
Richards, M.P., Hedges, R.E.M., Molleson, T.I., and Vogel, J.C. 1998: ‘Stable isotope analysis reveals variations in human diet at the Poundbury Camp cemetery site’, Journal Archaeological Science 25, 1247–52Google Scholar
Richmond, I. 1968: Hod Hill. Volume Two. Excavations Carried Out Between 1951 and 1958 for The Trustees of the British Museum, LondonGoogle Scholar
Roberts, C. 2002: ‘Tuberculosis: a multidisciplinary approach to past and current concepts, causes and treatment of this infectious disease’, in Baker, P.A. and Carr, G. (eds), Practitioners, Practices and Patients. New Approaches to Medical Archaeology and Anthropology, Oxford, 3046Google Scholar
Roberts, C.A., Boylston, A., Buckley, L., Chamberlain, A.C., and Murphy, E.M. 1998: ‘Rib lesions and tuberculosis: the palaeopathological evidence’, Tubercle and Lung Disease 79.1, 5560Google Scholar
Roberts, C., and Buikstra, J.E. 2003: The Bioarchaeology of Tuberculosis, FloridaGoogle Scholar
Roberts, C., and Cox, M. 2003: Health and Disease in Britain. From Prehistory to the Present Day, StroudGoogle Scholar
Roberts, C., and Cox, M. 2007: ‘The human population: health and disease’, in Todd, M. (ed.), A Companion to Roman Britain, Oxford, 242–72Google Scholar
Roberts, C., and Manchester, K. 2005: The Archaeology of Disease (3rd edn), StroudGoogle Scholar
Rousham, E.K. 1999: ‘Gender bias in South Asia: effects on child growth and nutritional status’, in Pollard, T.M. and Brin Hyatt, S. (eds), Sex, Gender and Health, Cambridge, 3752Google Scholar
Rousham, E.K., and Humphrey, L.T. 2002: ‘The dynamics of child survival’, in MacBeth, H. and Collinson, P. (eds), Human Population Dynamics. Cross-disciplinary Perspectives, London, 124–40Google Scholar
Saunders, S.R., Herring, A., and Boyce, G. 1995: ‘Can skeletal samples accurately represent the living populations they come from? The St Thomas’ cemetery site, Belleville, ontario’, in Grauer, A. (ed.), Bodies of Evidence. Reconstructing History Through Skeletal Analysis, New York, 6989Google Scholar
Scheuer, L., and Black, S. 2000: Developmental Juvenile Osteology, LondonGoogle Scholar
Smith, R.J.C., Healy, F., Allen, M.J., Morris, E.L., Barnes, M., and Woodward, P.J. (eds) 1997: Excavations along the Route of the Dorchester By-pass, Dorset, 1986–8, Wessex Archaeology Report, 11, DorchesterGoogle Scholar
Sparey Green, C., Paterson, M., and Biek, L. (eds) 1981: ‘A Roman coffin-burial from the Crown building site, Dorchester: with particular reference to the head of well-preserved hair’, Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. Archaeol. Soc. 103, 6794Google Scholar
Stacey, L.C. 1987: ‘The excavation of burials at 43 Cornwall Road, Dorchester; interim report’, Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. Archaeol. Soc. 108, 184Google Scholar
Startin, D.W.A. (ed.) 1982: ‘Excavations at the old Vicarage, Fordington, Dorchester, Dorset, 1971Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. Archaeol. Soc. 103, 4361Google Scholar
Stead, I.M. (ed.) 1991: Iron Age Cemeteries in East Yorkshire. Excavations at Burton Fleming, Rudston, Garton-on-the-Wolds and Kirkburn, English Heritage Archaeology Report 22, LondonGoogle Scholar
Stead, I.M., Flouest, J.-L., and Rigby, V. (eds) 2006: Iron Age and Roman Burials in Champagne, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Stead, S. 1991: ‘The human bones’, in Stead, I.M. (1991), 126–39Google Scholar
Stead, S. 2006: ‘Human and animal bones’, in Stead, Flouest and Rigby (2006), 99121Google Scholar
Steckel, R.H., and Rose, J.C. (eds) 2002: The Backbone of History. Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere Hemisphere, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Stinson, S. 1985: ‘Sex differences in environmental sensitivity during growth and development’, Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 28, 123–47Google Scholar
Taylor, A. 2001: Burial Practice in Early England, StroudGoogle Scholar
Toms, G. 1970: ‘Second interim report of excavations at Newfoundland Wood, Church Knowle’, Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. Archaeol. Soc. 91, 178–9Google Scholar
Trotter, M., and Gleser, G.C. 1952: ‘Estimation of stature from long bones of American Whites and Negroes’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 10, 463514Google Scholar
Trotter, M., and Gleser, G.C. 1958: ‘A re-evaluation of estimation of stature based on measurements of stature taken during life and of long bones after death’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 16, 79123Google Scholar
Ulijaszek, S.J., Johnston, F.E., and Preece, M.A. (eds) 2000: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Growth and Development, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Usher, B.M. 2002: ‘Reference samples: the first step in linking biology and age in the human skeleton’, in Hoppa, R.D. and Vaupel, J.W. (eds), Paleodemography. Age Distributions from Skeletal Samples, Cambridge, 2947Google Scholar
van der Veen, M., and O'Connor, T. 1998: ‘The expansion of agricultural production in late Iron Age and Roman Britain’, in Bayley, J. (ed.), Science in Archaeology. An Agenda for the Future, London, 127–43Google Scholar
Verano, J.W., and ubelaker, D.H. (eds) 1992: Disease and Demography in the Americas: Changing Patterns Before and After 1492, Washington D.C.Google Scholar
Wacher, J. 1981: The Towns of Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Wainwright, G.J. 1979: Gussage All Saints. An Iron Age Settlement in Dorset, LondonGoogle Scholar
Waldron, T. 1994: Counting the Dead. The Epidemiology of Skeletal Populations, ChichesterGoogle Scholar
Walker, P.L. 2005: ‘Greater sciatic notch morphology: sex, age, and population differences’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 127, 385–91Google Scholar
Webster, J. 2001: ‘Creolizing the Roman provinces’, American Journal of Archaeology 105, 209–25Google Scholar
Weiss, K.M. 1972: ‘On the systematic bias in skeletal sexing’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 37, 239–49Google Scholar
Wheeler, R.E.M. 1943: Maiden Castle, Dorset, Rep. Res. Cttee Soc. Antiq. 13, LondonGoogle Scholar
Whimster, R. 1977: ‘Iron burial in southern Britain’, Proc. Prehist. Soc. 43, 317–27Google Scholar
Whimster, R. 1981: Burial Practices in Iron Age Britain. A Discussion and Gazetteer of the Evidence c.700 B.C.–A.D.43, BAR British Series 99, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Whittaker, C.R. 2004: Rome and its Frontiers: the Dynamics of Empire, LondonGoogle Scholar
Wood, J.W., Milner, G.R., Harpending, H.C., and Weiss, K.M. 1992: ‘The osteological paradox: problems of inferring prehistoric health from skeletal samples’, Current Anthropology 33, 343–58Google Scholar
Wood, J.W., Holman, D.J., O'Connor, K.A., and Ferrell, R. 2002: ‘Mortality models for paleodemography’, in Hoppa, R.D. and Vaupel, J.W. (eds), Paleodemography. Age Distributions from Skeletal Samples, Cambridge, 129–68Google Scholar
Woodward, A.B. 1993: ‘Discussion’, in Farwell and Molleson (1993), 215–39Google Scholar
Woodward, P. 1993: ‘Discussion’, in Woodward, P.J., Davies, S.M. and Graham, A.H. (eds), Excavations at the Old Methodist Chapel and Greyhound Yard, Dorchester, 1981–4, Dorset Nat. Hist. and Archaeol., Soc. Monograph 4, Dorchester, 351–75Google Scholar
WORD database, Museum of London. Accessed 01/07/07Google Scholar