Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-25wd4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T14:44:55.370Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Blind to Chains? The Potential of Bioarchaeology for Identifying the Enslaved of Roman Britain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 May 2018

Rebecca C. Redfern
Rebecca C. Redfern*
Affiliation:
Centre for Human Bioarchaeology, Museum of Londonrredfern@museumoflondon.org.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This research explores the contribution bioarchaeology can make to the study of slavery in Roman Britain, responding to the calls by Webster and colleagues for the greater use of osteological and scientific techniques in this endeavour. It reviews the evidence for the bodies of the enslaved in the primary sources and bioarchaeological evidence from the New World and the Roman Empire. The paper aims to establish patterns of physiological stress and disease, which could be used to reconstruct osteobiographies of these individuals, and applies these findings to bioarchaeological evidence from Britain. It concludes that at the present time, it may not be possible for us to successfully separate out the enslaved from the poor or bonded labourers, because their life experiences were very similar. Nevertheless, these people are overlooked in the archaeological record, so unless we attempt to search for them in the extant evidence, the life experiences of the majority of the Romano-British population who were vital to its economy will remain lost to us.

Keywords

bioarchaeologyenslavementosteobiographystructural violenceRoman BritainNew World
Type
Articles
Information
Britannia , Volume 49 , November 2018 , pp. 251 - 282
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2018. Published by The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abel, S., and Sandoval-Velasco, M. 2016: ‘Crossing disciplinary lines: reconciling social and genomic perspectives on the histories and legacies of the transatlantic trade in enslaved Africans’, New Genetics and Society 35.2, 149–85Google Scholar
Allain, J.M. 2014: ‘Infanticide as slave resistance: evidence from Barbados, Jamaica, and Saint-Domingue’, Inquiries Journal 6.4 http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=893Google Scholar
Allison, P.M. 2013: People and Spaces in Roman Military Bases, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J., and Read, J. 2008: Atlas of Imaging in Sports Medicine (2nd edn), SydneyGoogle Scholar
Apuleius: The Golden Ass, trans. Kenney, E.J., London (2004)Google Scholar
Armstrong, D.V., and Fleischman, M.L. 2003: ‘House-yard burials of enslaved laborers in eighteenth-century Jamaica’, International Journal of Historical Archaeology 7.1, 33–65Google Scholar
Arnold, B. 1988: ‘Slavery in late Prehistoric Europe: recovering the evidence for social structure in Iron Age society’, in Gibson, D. and Geselowitz, M.N. (eds), Tribe and Polity in Late Prehistoric Europe. Demography, Production and Exchange in the Evolution of Complex Social Systems, New York, 179–92Google Scholar
Arthur, N., Gowland, R.L., and Redfern, R.C. 2016: ‘Coming of age in Roman Britain: osteological evidence for pubertal timing’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 159, 698–713Google Scholar
Baird, J.A. 2015: ‘On reading the material culture of ancient sexual labor’, Helios 42.1, 163–75Google Scholar
Baker, P.A. 2013: The Archaeology of Medicine in the Greco-Roman World, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Bales, K., and Trodd, Z. (eds) 2008: To Plead Our Own Cause: Personal Stories by Today's Slaves, CornellGoogle Scholar
Barnes, E. 1994: Developmental Defects of the Axial Skeleton in Paleopathology, ColoradoGoogle Scholar
Beard, M. 2010: ‘Pompeii skeletons reveal secrets of Roman family life’, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11952322Google Scholar
Beaumont, J., and Montgomery, J. 2016: ‘The Great Irish Famine: identifying starvation in the tissues of victims using stable isotope analysis of bone and incremental dentine collagen’, PLoS One 11.8, e0160065, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160065Google Scholar
Beaumont, J., Montgomery, J., Buckberry, J., and Jay, M. 2015: ‘Infant mortality and isotopic complexity: new approaches to stress, maternal heath, and weaning’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 157, 441–57Google Scholar
Berg, G. 2012: ‘History of sexually transmitted infections (STI)’, Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia 174, 329–40Google Scholar
Blakey, M.L. 2001: ‘Bioarchaeology of the African Diaspora in the Americas: its origin and scope’, Annual Review of Anthropology 30, 387–422Google Scholar
Blondiaux, J., Fontaine, C., Demondion, X., Flipo, R.-M., Colard, T., Mitchell, P.D., Buzon, M., and Walker, P. 2012: ‘Bilateral fractures of the scapula: possible archaeological examples of beatings from Europe, Africa and America’, International Journal of Paleopathology 2, 223–30Google Scholar
Bodel, J. 2011: ‘Slave labour and Roman society’, in Bradley and Cartledge 2011, 311–36Google Scholar
Bogin, B. 2002: Patterns of Human Growth (2nd edn), CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Booth, T., Redfern, R.C., and Gowland, R.L. 2016: ‘Immaculate conceptions: micro-CT analysis of diagenesis in Romano-British infant skeletons’, Journal of Archaeological Science 74, 124–34Google Scholar
Bradley, K. 2011: ‘Resisting slavery at Rome’, in Bradley and Cartledge 2011, 362–84Google Scholar
Bradley, K. 2013: ‘Engaging with slavery’, Biblical Interpretation 21.4–5, 533–46Google Scholar
Bradley, K., and Cartledge, P. (eds) 2011: The Cambridge World History of Slavery. Volume 1. The Ancient Mediterranean World, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Brickley, M., and Ives, R. 2008: The Bioarchaeology of Metabolic Bone Disease, LondonGoogle Scholar
Britton, W.J., and Lockwood, N.J.D. 2004: ‘Leprosy’, Lancet 363, 1209–19Google Scholar
Brown, T., and Brown, K. 2011: Biomolecular Archaeology: An Introduction, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Budd, P., Montgomery, J., Evans, J., and Barreiro, B. 2000: ‘Human tooth enamel as a record of the comparative lead exposure of prehistoric and modern people’, Science of the Total Environment 263.1–3, 1–10Google Scholar
Burnard, T. 2004: Mastery, Tyranny, and Desire. Thomas Thistlewood and his Slaves in the Anglo-Jamaican World, LondonGoogle Scholar
Bush-Slimani, B. 1996: ‘Hard labour: women, childbirth and resistance in British Caribbean slave societies’, in Gaspar, D.B. and Hine, D.C. (eds), More Than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas, Bloomington, 193–217Google Scholar
Caffell, A., and Holst, M. 2011: Osteological Analysis 3 and 6 Driffield Terrace, York, North Yorkshire, Report No. 0212, York Archaeological Trust http://www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Driffield-Terrace-York-Osteological-Report.pdfGoogle Scholar
Cameron, C., and Martin, D.L. 2012: ‘Archaeological and bioarchaeological perspectives on captivity and slavery’, Anthropology News 53.7, 4–5Google Scholar
Cardoso, F.A., Henderson, C., Villotte, S., and Jurmain, R. 2012: ‘Bioarchaeology's Holy Grail: the reconstruction of activity’, in Grauer, A. (ed.), Companion to Paleopathology, Oxford, 531–52Google Scholar
Carroll, M. 2006: Spirits of the Dead: Roman Funerary Commemoration in Western Europe, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Carroll, M., and Prowse, T. 2014: ‘Exploring the vicus and the necropolis at the Roman Imperial estate at Vagnari (comune di Gravina in Puglia, provincia di Bari regione Puglia)’, Papers of the British School at Rome 82, 353–6Google Scholar
Cassius Dio, : The Roman History: The Reign of Augustus, trans. Scott-Kilvert, I., London (1987)Google Scholar
Champion, T. 1997: ‘Power, politics and status’, in Green, M.J. (ed.), The Celtic World, London, 85–94Google Scholar
Cheung, C., Schroeder, H., and Hedges, R.E.M. 2012: ‘Diet, social differentiation and cultural change in Roman Britain: new isotopic evidence from Gloucestershire’, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 4.1, 61–73Google Scholar
Cicero: Philippics I–II, trans. Ramsey, J.T., Cambridge (2003)Google Scholar
CIL: Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, I–XVII, Berlin (1863–)Google Scholar
Cokayne, K. 2003: Experiencing Old Age in Ancient Rome, LondonGoogle Scholar
Connell, B., Gray Jones, A., Redfern, R., and Walker, D. 2012: A Bioarchaeological Study of Medieval Burials on the Site of St Mary Spital. Excavations at Spitalfields Market, London, E1, 1991–2007, MoLA Monograph 60, LondonGoogle Scholar
Cool, H.E.M. 2015: ‘Selected Roman small finds from the cemetery at nos 3 and 6 Driffield Terrace, York’, http://www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk/resources/finding-the-future/gladiators-2/Google Scholar
Corruccini, R.S., Handler, J.S., Mutaw, R.J., and Lange, F.W. 1982: ‘Osteology of a slave burial population from Barbados, West Indies’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 59, 443–59Google Scholar
Corruccini, R.S., Jacobi, K.P., Handler, J.S., and Aufderheide, A.C. 1987: ‘Implications of tooth root hypercementosis in a Barbados slave skeletal collection’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 74, 179–84Google Scholar
Creighton, J. 2000: Coins and Power in Late Iron Age Britain, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Cucina, A., Vargiu, R., Mancinelli, D., Ricci, R., Santandrea, E., Catalano, P., and Coppa, A. 2006: ‘The necropolis of Valleranno (Rome, 2nd–3rd century AD): an anthropological perspective on the ancient Romans in the Suburium’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 16, 107–17Google Scholar
de la Cova, C. 2011: ‘Race, health, and disease in 19th-century-born males’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144, 526–37Google Scholar
de la Cova, C. 2012: ‘Trauma patterns in 19th-century-born African American and Euro-American females’, International Journal of Paleopathology 2, 61–8Google Scholar
DeWitte, S.N., and Stojanowski, C.M. 2015: ‘The osteological paradox 20 years later: past perspectives, future directions’, Journal of Archaeological Research 23, 397–450Google Scholar
D'Ortenzio, L., Ribot, I., Raguin, E., and Brickley, M. 2016: ‘The rachitic tooth: a histological examination’, Journal of Archaeological Science 74, 152–63Google Scholar
Eckardt, H. (ed.) 2010: Roman Diasporas: Archaeological Approaches to Mobility and Diversity in the Roman Empire, Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplement 78, Portsmouth, RIGoogle Scholar
Edmondson, J. 2011: ‘Slavery and the Roman family’, in Bradley and Cartledge 2011, 337–61Google Scholar
Elliot, M., and Collard, M. 2009: ‘Fordisc and the determination of ancestry from cranial measurements’, Biological Letters 5.6, 849–52Google Scholar
Evans, J.A., Chenery, C.A., and Montgomery, J. 2012: ‘A summary of strontium and oxygen isotope variation in archaeological human tooth enamel excavated from Britain’, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 27, 754–64Google Scholar
Facchini, F., Rastelli, E., and Brasili, P. 2004: ‘Cribra orbitalia and cribra crania in Roman skeletal remains from the Ravenna area and Rimini (I–IV century AD)’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 14.2, 126–36Google Scholar
Farmer, P. 2004: ‘An anthropology of structural violence’, Current Anthropology 45.3, 305–25Google Scholar
Farmer, P.E., Nizeye, B., Stulac, S., and Keshavjee, S. 2006: ‘Stuctural violence and clinical medicine’, PLoS Medicine 3, 1686–91Google Scholar
Frazier, H.C. 2004: Runaway and Freed Missouri Slaves and Those Who Helped Them, 1763–1865, Jefferson, NCGoogle Scholar
Galen, : On the Passions and Errors of the Soul, trans. Riese, P.W., Ohio (1963)Google Scholar
Gardner, J.F. 2011: ‘Slavery and Roman law’, in Bradley and Cartledge 2011, 414–37Google Scholar
George, M. 2011: ‘Slavery and Roman material culture’, in Bradley and Cartledge 2011, 385–413Google Scholar
George, M. (ed.) 2013: Roman Slavery and Material Culture, TorontoGoogle Scholar
Gilmour, R.J. 2017: Resilient Romans: Cross-sectional Evidence for Long-term Functional Consequences of Extremity Trauma, unpub. PhD thesis, McMaster University, CanadaGoogle Scholar
Glazebrook, A. 2015: ‘Beyond courtesans and whores: sex and labor in the Greco-Roman world’, Helios 42.1, 1–5Google Scholar
Gowland, R. 2006: ‘Age as an aspect of social identity: the archaeological funerary evidence’, in Gowland, R. and Knüsel, C. (eds), Social Archaeology of Funerary Remains, Oxford, 143–54Google Scholar
Gowland, R.L. 2015: ‘Entangled lives: implications of the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis for bioarchaeology and the life course’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 158, 530–40Google Scholar
Gowland, R.L. 2016: ‘Elder abuse: evaluating the potentials and problems of diagnosis in the archaeological record’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 26.3, 514–23Google Scholar
Gowland, R.L., and Thompson, T.J.U. 2013: Human Identity and Identification, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Gowland, R.L., Chamberlain, A.T., and Redfern, R.C. 2014: ‘On the brink of being: re-evaluating infanticide and infant burial in Roman Britain’, in Carroll, M. and Graham, E.J. (eds), Infant Health and Death in Roman Italy and Beyond, Journal of Roman Archaeology 96, Portsmouth, RI, 69–88Google Scholar
Grattan, J., Huxley, S., Abu Karaki, L., Toland, H., Gilbertson, D., Pyatt, B., and al Saad, Z. 2002: ‘“Death … more desirable than life?” The human skeletal record and toxicological implications of ancient copper mining and smelting in Wadi Faynan, southwestern Jordan’, Toxicology and Industrial Health 18.6, 297–307Google Scholar
Green, F.M. 2015: ‘Witnesses and participants in the shadows: the sexual lives of enslaved women and boys’, Helios 42.1, 143–62Google Scholar
Guzzo, P.G. (ed.) 2003: Tales from an Eruption: Pompeii, Herculaneum, Oplontis: Guide to the Exhibition, MilanGoogle Scholar
Hall, M. 2008: ‘Ambiguity and contradiction in the archaeology of slavery’, Archaeological Dialogues 15.2, 128–30Google Scholar
Handler, J.S., and Corruccini, R.S. 1983: ‘Plantation slave life in Barbados: a physical anthropological analysis’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 14, 65–90Google Scholar
Handler, J.S., and Lange, F.W. 2006: ‘On interpreting slave status from archaeological remains’, African Diaspora Newsletter, June http://www.diaspora.uiuc.edu/news0606/news0606.html#Google Scholar
Harlow, M., and Laurence, R. 2002: Growing Up and Growing Old in Ancient Rome: A Life Course Approach, LondonGoogle Scholar
Harper, K. 2016: Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275–425, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Harris, E.F., and Rathbun, T.A. 1989: ‘Small tooth sizes in a nineteenth century South Carolina plantation slave series’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78, 411–20Google Scholar
Harris, W.V. 1999: ‘Demography, geography and the sources of Roman slaves’, Journal of Roman Studies 89, 62–75Google Scholar
Harrod, R.P., and Martin, D.L. 2014: ‘Signatures of captivity and subordination on skeletonized human remains: a bioarchaeological case study from the ancient Southwest’, in Martin, D.L. and Anderson, C.O. (eds), Bioarchaeological and Forensic Perspectives on Violence: How Violent Death is Interpreted from Skeletal Remains, Cambridge, 103–19Google Scholar
Harrod, R.P., and Martin, D.L. 2015: ‘Bioarchaeological case studies of slavery, captivity, and other forms of exploitation’, in Marshall, L.W. (ed.), The Archaeology of Slavery. A Comparative Approach to Captivity and Coercion, Center for Archaeological Investigations Southern Illinois University Occasional Paper No. 41, Carbondale, 41–63Google Scholar
Harward, C., Powers, N., and Watson, S. (eds) 2015: The Upper Walbrook Valley Cemetery of Roman London. Excavations at Finsbury Circus, City of London, 1987–2007, MoLA Monograph 69, LondonGoogle Scholar
Hefner, J.T., Ousley, S.D., and Dirkmaat, D.C. 2012: ‘Morphoscopic traits and the assessment of ancestry’, in Dirkmaat, D.C. (ed.), A Companion to Forensic Anthropology, Chichester, 287–310Google Scholar
Henderson, C.Y., and Cardoso, F.A. 2013: ‘Special issue: entheseal changes and occupation: technical and theoretical advances and their applications’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 23, 127–34Google Scholar
Henderson, C.Y., Mariotti, V., Pany-Kucera, D., Villotte, S., and Wilczak, C. 2015: ‘The new “Coimbra method”: a biologically appropriate method for recording specific features of fibrocartilaginous entheseal changes’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, doi: 10.1002/oa.2477Google Scholar
Hillson, S., Grigson, C., and Bond, S. 1998: ‘Dental defects of congenital syphilis’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 107, 25–40Google Scholar
Holmes, B.A. 2010: ‘Marked bodies (gender, race, class, age, disability, disease)’, in Garrison, D.H. (ed.), A Cultural History of the Human Body Vol. 1: in Antiquity, Oxford, 159–310Google Scholar
Hood, R.G. 2001: ‘The “slave health deficit”: the case for reparations to bring health parity to African Americans’, Journal of the National Medical Association 93.1, 1–5Google Scholar
Hope, V.M. 1997: ‘Constructing Roman identity: funerary monuments and social structure in the Roman world’, Mortality 2.2, 103–21Google Scholar
Hope, V.M. 2007: Death in Ancient Rome: A Sourcebook, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Hopkins, K. 1993: ‘Novel evidence for Roman slavery’, Past and Present 138, 3–27Google Scholar
Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives 2014: A Saintes, une nécropole Gallo-Romaine mise au jour, http://www.inrap.fr/saintes-une-necropole-gallo-raomine-mise-au-jour-4797Google Scholar
Ioannou, S., Hunt, D., and Henneberg, M. 2017: ‘Five cases of dental anomalies attributable to congenital syphilis from early 20th century American anatomical collections’, Dental Anthropology 30.1, 25–37 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/552ade7fe4b0ee740debb251/t/59947adbe58c625544012a23/1502903080941/DA_30_1.pdfGoogle Scholar
Isaac, B. 2006: ‘Proto-racism in Graeco-Roman antiquity’, World Archaeology 38.1, 32–47Google Scholar
Jacobi, K., Cook, D., Corruccini, R., and Handler, J. 1992: ‘Congenital syphilis in the past: slaves at Newton Plantation, Barbados, West Indies’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 89, 145–58Google Scholar
Jay, M. 2009: ‘Breastfeeding and weaning behaviour in archaeological populations: evidence from the isotopic analysis of skeletal materials’, Childhood in the Past 2, 163–78Google Scholar
Joshel, S.R. 2013: ‘Geographies of slave containment and movement’, in George 2013, 99–128Google Scholar
Joshel, S.R., and Hackworth Petersen, L. 2014: The Material Life of Roman Slaves, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Kelley, J.O., and Angel, J.L. 1987: ‘Life stresses of slavery’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 74, 199–211Google Scholar
Killgrove, K. 2010: Migration and Mobility in Imperial Rome, unpub. PhD thesis, University of North CarolinaGoogle Scholar
Killgrove, K., and Montgomery, J. 2016: ‘All roads lead to Rome: exploring human migration to the Eternal City through biochemistry of skeletons from two Imperial-era cemeteries (1st–3rd c AD)’, PLoS One http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147585Google Scholar
Klaus, H.D. 2012: ‘The bioarchaeology of structural violence: a theoretical model and a case study’, in Martin, D.L. and Harrod, R.P. (eds), The Bioarchaeology of Violence, Gainesville, FL, 29–62Google Scholar
Knapp, R. 2011: Invisible Romans, LondonGoogle Scholar
Knudson, K.J., and Stojanowski, C.M. 2008: ‘New directions in bioarchaeology: recent contributions to the study of human social identities’, Journal of Archaeological Research 16, 397–432Google Scholar
Koon, H.E.C. 2012: ‘A biochemical marker for scurvy in archaeological bones’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 147, 184–5Google Scholar
Kwaku, A.K., Khoi, D.T., Wang, A.C., and Shayan, U. 2012: ‘Schmorl's nodes’, European Spine Journal 21.11, 2115–21Google Scholar
Lagia, A., Eliopoulos, C., and Manolis, S. 2007: ‘Thalassemia: macroscopic and radiological study of a case’, International Journal of Osteology 17, 269–85Google Scholar
Lambert, P.M. 2006: ‘Infectious disease among enslaved African Americans at Eaton's Estate, Warren County, North Carolina, ca. 1830–1850’, Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 101.2, 107–17Google Scholar
Lazer, E. 2009: Resurrecting Pompeii, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Leach, S., Eckardt, H., Chenery, C., Müldner, G., and Lewis, M. 2010: ‘A lady of York: migration, ethnicity and identity in Roman Britain’, Antiquity 84.323, 131–45Google Scholar
Lewis, M.E. 2004: ‘Endocranial lesions in non-adult skeletons: understanding their aetiology’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 14.2, 81–97Google Scholar
Lewis, M.E. 2010: ‘Thalassaemia: its diagnosis and interpretation in past skeletal populations’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 22.6, 685–93Google Scholar
Loe, L. 2008: ‘Peri-mortem trauma’, in Blau, S. and Ubelaker, D.H. (eds), Handbook of Forensic Archaeology and Anthropology, Walnut Creek, CA, 263–83Google Scholar
Manzi, G., Santandrea, E., and Passarello, P. 1997: ‘Dental size and shape in the Roman imperial age: two examples from the area of Rome’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 102, 469–9Google Scholar
Márquez-Grant, N. 2008: ‘Dental health status’, in Simmonds et al. 2008, 41–9Google Scholar
Martin, D.L., Harrod, R.P., and Pérez, V.R. 2013: Bioarchaeology: An Integrated Approach to Working with Human Remains, AmsterdamGoogle Scholar
Martiniano, R., Coelho, C., Ferreira, M.T., Neves, M.J., Pinhasi, R., and Bradley, D.G. 2014: ‘Genetic evidence of African slavery at the beginning of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade’, Scientific Reports 4, 5994, doi: 10.1038/srep05994Google Scholar
Mattingly, D. 2006: An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire, 54 BC–AD 409, LondonGoogle Scholar
Mattingly, D. 2008: ‘Comparative advantages. Roman slavery and imperialism’, Archaeological Dialogues 15.2, 135–9Google Scholar
Mattison, H. 1861: Louisa Picquet, the Octroon, or, Inside Views of Southern Domestic Life, New YorkGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, M. 2013: The Romano-British Peasant. Towards a Study of People, Landscapes and Work during the Roman Occupation of Britain, OxfordGoogle Scholar
McWhirr, A., Viner, L., and Wells, C. 1982: Romano-British Cemeteries at Cirencester. Cirencester Excavations II, CirencesterGoogle Scholar
Minozzi, S., Catalano, P., Caldarini, C., and Fornaciari, G. 2012: ‘Palaeopathology of human remains from the Roman Imperial Age’, Pathobiology 79, 268–83Google Scholar
Mitchell, P.D. 2011: ‘Retrospective diagnosis and the use of historical texts for investigating disease in the past’, International Journal of Paleopathology 1, 81–8Google Scholar
Mitchell, P.D. 2016: ‘Human parasites in the Roman world: health consequences of conquering an empire’, Parasitology 144.1, 48–58Google Scholar
Montgomery, J., Evans, J.A., Chenery, S.R., Pashley, V., and Killgrove, K. 2010: ‘“Gleaming, white and deadly” using lead to track human exposure and geographic origins in the Roman period in Britain’, in Eckardt 2010, 199–226Google Scholar
Montgomery, J., Knüsel, C.J., and Tucker, K. 2011: ‘Identifying the origins of decapitated male skeletons from 3 Driffield Terrace, York, through isotope analysis: reflections of the cosmopolitian nature of Roman York in the time of Caracalla’, in Bonogofsky, M. (ed.), The Bioarchaeology of the Human Head: Decapitation, Decoration and Deformation, Gainesville, FL, 141–78Google Scholar
Montiel, R., Solórzano, E., Díaz, N., Álvarez-Sandoval, B.A., González-Ruiz, M., Canadas, M.P., Simões, N., Isidro, A., and Malgosa, A. 2012: ‘Neonate human remains: a window of opportunity to the molecular study of ancient syphilis’, PLoS One http://dx.doi.1371/journal.pone.0036371Google Scholar
Müldner, G. 2013: ‘Stable isotopes and diet: their contribution to Romano-British research’, Antiquity 87, 137–49Google Scholar
Müldner, G., Chenery, C., and Eckardt, H. 2011: ‘The “headless Romans”: multi-isotope investigations of an unusual burial ground from Roman Britain’, Journal of Archaeological Science 38, 280–90Google Scholar
Newman, S.L., and Gowland, R.L. 2015: ‘The use of non-adult vertebral dimensions as indicators of growth disruption and non-specific health stress in skeletal populations’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 158, 155–64Google Scholar
Nissanka-Jayasuriya, E.H., Odell, E.W., and Philips, C. 2016: ‘Dental stigmata of congenital syphilis: a historic review with present day relevance’, Head and Neck Pathology 10.3, 327–31Google Scholar
Okumura, M. 2011: ‘The end of slavery: disease patterns and cultural behaviours of African Americans in Suriname’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 21, 631–42Google Scholar
Ortner, D. 2003: Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains, LondonGoogle Scholar
Otto, J.S. 1984: Cannon's Point Plantation, 1794–1860: Living Conditions and Status Patterns in the Old South, Studies in Historical Archaeology, Orlando, FLGoogle Scholar
Ovid, : Amores Book II, trans. Booth, J., Oxford (1987)Google Scholar
Owsley, D.W., Orser, C.F. Jr., Mann, R.W., Moore-Jansen, P.H., and Montgomery, R.L. 1987: ‘Demography and pathology of an urban slave population from New Orleans’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 74, 185–97Google Scholar
Paine, R.R., Vargiu, R., Signoretti, C., and Coppa, A. 2009: ‘A health assessment for Imperial Roman burials recovered from the necropolis of San Donato and Bivio CH, Urbino, Italy’, Journal of Anthropological Sciences 87, 1–18Google Scholar
Pàlfi, G., Dutour, O., Borreani, M., Brun, J.P., and Berato, J. 1992: ‘Pre-Columbian congenital syphilis from the late antiquity in France’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 2, 245–61Google Scholar
Pàlfi, G., Dutour, O., Borreani, M., Brun, J.P., and Berato, J. 1995: ‘“Birthday present” to the Columbus's anniversary: congenital syphilis from late antiquity in France’, in Batista, R., Campillo, D., Carreras, T. (eds), Proceedings of the IXth European Meeting of the Paleopathology Association (Barcelona, 1st–4th September, 1992), Barcelona, 249–56Google Scholar
Parkin, T.G. 2003: Old Age in the Roman World: A Cultural and Social History, LondonGoogle Scholar
Patterson, O. 1982: Slavery and Social Death, HarvardGoogle Scholar
Patterson, M.J., and Davies, H.D. 2016: ‘Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)’, in Kliegman, R.M., Stanton, B.F., St Geme, J.W. III and Schor, N.T. (eds), Nelson Textbook of Paediatrics (20th edn), Philadelphia, PA, 1470–8Google Scholar
Pearson, A., Jeffs, B., Witkin, A., and MacQuarrie, H. (eds) 2011: Infernal Traffic: Excavation of Liberated African Graveyard in Rupert's Valley, St Helena, CBA Research Report 169, York http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/sthelena_cba_2011/overview.cfmGoogle Scholar
Philips, W.D. Jr. 2014: Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia, PennsylvaniaGoogle Scholar
Pickett, K., and Wilkinson, R. 2009: The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better, LondonGoogle Scholar
Pilloud, M.A., and Hefner, J.T. (eds) 2016: Biological Distance Analysis. Forensic and Bioarchaeological Perspectives, LondonGoogle Scholar
Pitts, M., and Griffin, R. 2012: ‘Exploring health and social well-being in late Roman Britain: an intercemetery approach’, American Journal of Archaeology 116.2, 253–76Google Scholar
Powell, L.A. 2014: Childhood Health and Diet in Roman London: The Palaeodemographic, Palaeopathological and Isotopic Evidence, unpub. PhD thesis, Durham University, http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11140/Google Scholar
Prowse, T.L. 2016: ‘Isotopes and mobility in the ancient Roman world’, in de Ligt, L. and Tacoma, L.E. (eds), Migration and Mobility in the Early Roman Empire, Leiden, 205–33Google Scholar
Prowse, T., and Carroll, M. 2015: ‘Research at Vagnari (comune di Gravina in Puglia, provincia di Bari regione Puglia)’, Papers of the British School at Rome 83, 324–6Google Scholar
Prowse, T., Saunders, C., Fitzgerald, C., Bondioli, L., and Macchiarelli, R. 2010a: ‘Growth, morbidity, and mortality in antiquity. A case study from Imperial Rome’, in Moffat, T. and Prowse, T. (eds), Human Diet and Nutrition in Biocultural Perspective: Past Meets Present, Oxford, 173–96Google Scholar
Prowse, T.L., Barta, J.L., von Hunnius, T.E., and Small, A.E. 2010b: ‘Stable isotope and mtDNA evidence for geographic origins at the site of Vagnari, south Italy’, in Eckardt 2010, 175–97Google Scholar
Prowse, T., Nause, C., and Ledger, M. 2014: ‘Growing up and growing old on an Imperial estate: preliminary palaeopathological analysis of skeletal remains from Vagnari’, in Small, A.E. (ed.), Beyond Vagnari. New Themes in the Study of Roman South Italy. Proceedings of a Conference Held in the School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, 26–28 October 2012, Bari, 111–23Google Scholar
Pyatt, F.B., Barker, G.W., Birch, P., Gilbertson, D.D., Grattan, J.P., and Mattingly, D.J. 1999: ‘King Solomon's miners – starvation and bioaccumulation? An environmental archaeological investigation in Southern Jordan’, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 43.3, 305–8Google Scholar
Pyatt, F.B., Pyatt, A.J., Walker, C., Sheen, T., and Grattan, J.P. 2005: ‘The heavy metal content of skeletons from an ancient metalliferous polluted area in southern Jordan with particular reference to bioaccumulation and human health’, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 60.3, 295–300Google Scholar
Rathbun, T.A. 1987: ‘Health and disease at a South Carolina plantation: 1840–1870’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 74, 239–53Google Scholar
Rathbun, T.A., and Steckel, R.H. 2002: ‘The health of slaves and free Blacks in the East’, in Steckel, R.H. and Rose, J.C. (eds), The Backbone of History: Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere, Cambridge, 208–25Google Scholar
Redfern, R.C. 2010: ‘A regional examination of surgery and fracture treatment in Iron Age and Roman Britain’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 20, 443–71Google Scholar
Redfern, R.C. 2013: ‘A bioarchaeological study of violence in the Roman world’, in Knüsel, C.J. and Smith, M. (eds), The Routledge Handbook of the Bioarchaeology of Human Conflict, London, 203–12Google Scholar
Redfern, R.C. 2015: ‘Identifying and interpreting domestic violence in archaeological human remains: a critical review of the evidence’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 27, 13–34Google Scholar
Redfern, R.C. 2017: Injury and Trauma in Bioarchaeology. Interpreting Violence in Past Lives, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Redfern, R.C., and DeWitte, S. 2011: ‘A new approach to the study of Romanization in Britain: a regional perspective of cultural change in late Iron Age and Roman Dorset using the Siler and Gompertz-Makeham models of mortality’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144, 269–85Google Scholar
Redfern, R.C., Hamlin, C., and Beavan Athfield, N. 2010: ‘Temporal changes in diet: a stable isotope analysis of late Iron Age and Roman Dorset, Britain’, Journal of Archaeological Science 37, 1149–60Google Scholar
Redfern, R.C., Millard, A.R., and Hamlin, C. 2012: ‘A regional investigation of subadult dietary patterns and health in late Iron Age and Roman Dorset, England’, Journal of Archaeological Science 39, 1249–59Google Scholar
Redfern, R.C., DeWitte, S.N., Pearce, J., Hamlin, C., and Egging Dinwiddy, K. 2015: ‘Urban-rural differences in Roman Dorset, England: a bioarchaeological perspective on Roman settlements’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 157, 107–20Google Scholar
Redfern, R.C., Judd, M., and DeWitte, S. 2016a: ‘Multiple injury and health in past societies: an analysis of concepts and approaches, and insights from a multi-period study’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, doi 10.1002/oa.2565Google Scholar
Redfern, R.C., Gröcke, D.R., Millard, A.R., Ridgeway, V., Johnson, L., and Hefner, J. 2016b: ‘Going south of the river: a multidisciplinary analysis of ancestry, mobility and diet in a population from Roman Southwark, London’, Journal of Archaeological Science 74, 11–22Google Scholar
Redfern, R.C., Marshall, M., Eaton, K., and Poinar, H.N. 2017: ‘“Written in bone”: new discoveries about the lives and burials of four Roman Londoners’, Britannia 48, 253–77Google Scholar
Redfern, R.C., DeWitte, S.N., Beaumont, J., Millard, A.R., and Hamlin, C. submitted: ‘A novel method for investigating the relationship between mortality and diet using stable isotope data in archaeological populations’, Annals of Human BiologyGoogle Scholar
Reitsema, L.J. 2013: ‘Beyond diet reconstruction: stable isotope applications to human physiology, health, and nutrition’, American Journal of Human Biology 25.4, 445–56Google Scholar
RIB: The Roman Inscriptions of Britain I, Inscriptions on Stone (eds Collingwood, R.G. and Wright, R.P., 1965)Google Scholar
Richards, M.P., Hedges, R.E.M., Molleson, T.I., and Vogel, J.C. 1998: ‘Stable isotope analysis reveals variations in human diet at the Poundbury Camp cemetery site’, Journal of Archaeological Science 12, 1247–52Google Scholar
Riekert, K.A., Ockene, J.K., and Pbert, L. (eds) 2014: The Handbook of Health Behavior Change (4th edn), New YorkGoogle Scholar
Rissech, C., Roberts, C., Tomás-Batlle, X.,Tomás-Gimeno, X., Fuller, B., Luis Fernandez, P., and Botella, M. 2013: ‘A Roman skeleton with possible treponematosis in the north-east of the Iberian peninsula: a morphological and radiological study’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 23, 651–63Google Scholar
Rivera, F., and Lahr, M.M. 2017: ‘New evidence suggesting a dissociated etiology for cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 164.1, 76–96Google Scholar
Roberts, C.A. 2002: ‘The antiquity of leprosy in Britain: the skeletal evidence’, in Roberts, C.A., Lewis, M.E. and Manchester, K. (eds), The Past and Present of Leprosy. Archaeological, Historical, Palaeopathological and Clinical Approaches. International Congress on the Evolution and Palaeoepidemiology of the Infectious Diseases 3 (ICEPID), 26th–31st July 1999, BAR International Series 1054, Oxford, 213–22Google Scholar
Roberts, C.A. 2007: ‘A bioarchaeological study of maxillary sinusitis’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 133, 792–807Google Scholar
Roberts, C.A., and Buikstra, J.E. 2008: The Bioarchaeology of Tuberculosis: A Global View on a Reemerging Disease, Gainesville, FLGoogle Scholar
Roberts, C.A., and Cox, M. 2003: Health and Disease in Britain: From Prehistory to the Present Day, StroudGoogle Scholar
Roberts, C.A., and Lewis, M.E. 2002: ‘Ecology and infectious disease in Britain from prehistory to the present: the case of respiratory infections’, in Bennike, P., Bodzsár, É. and Charles, S. (eds), Ecological Aspects of Past Human Settlements in Europe. Volume 2 of Biennial Books of EAA, European Anthropological Association, Budapest, 179–92Google Scholar
Roberts, C.A., and Manchester, K. 2010: The Archaeology of Disease (3rd edn), StroudGoogle Scholar
Roberts, C.A., Lucy, D., and Manchester, K. 1994: ‘Inflammatory lesions of ribs: an analysis of the Terry Collection’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 95, 169–82Google Scholar
Rohnbogner, A. 2015: Exploring Concepts of Romanisation and its Impact on Child Health in Late Roman Britain, unpub. PhD thesis, University of ReadingGoogle Scholar
Rohnbogner, A. 2016: ‘Differential diagnosis of a probable case of non-adult thalassaemia from 4th century AD Romano-British Colchester, UK’, International Journal of Paleopathology 15, 39–49Google Scholar
Rubini, M., Erdal, Y., Speigelman, M., Zaio, P., and Donoghue, H. 2014: ‘Paleopathological and molecular study on two cases of ancient childhood leprosy from the Roman and Byzantine empires’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 24.5, 570–82Google Scholar
Santana, J., Fregel, R., Lightfoot, E., Morales, J., Alamón, M., Guillén, J., Moreno, M., and Rodríquez, A. 2016: ‘The early colonial atlantic world: new insights on the African Diaspora from isotopic and ancient DNA analyses of a multiethnic 15th–17th century burial population from the Canary Islands, Spain’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 159, 300–12Google Scholar
Sauer, N.J., and Wankmiller, J.C. 2009: ‘The assessment of ancestry and the concept of race’, in Blau, S. and Ubelaker, D.H. (eds), Handbook of Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology, London, 187–200Google Scholar
Scheidel, W. 2011: ‘The Roman slave supply’, in Bradley and Cartledge 2011, 287–310Google Scholar
Scheper-Hughes, N., and Lock, M.M. 1987: ‘The mindful body: a prolegomenon to future work in medical anthropology’, Medical Anthropology Quarterly 1.1, 6–41Google Scholar
Schroeder, H., O'Connell, T.C., Evans, J.A., Shuler, K.A., and Hedges, R.E.M. 2009: ‘Trans-Atlantic slavery: isotopic evidence for forced migration to Barbados’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139, 547–57Google Scholar
Schroeder, H., Ávila-Arcos, M.C., Malaspinas, A.S., Poznik, G.D., Sandoval-Velasco, M., Carpenter, M.L., Moreno-Mayar, J.V., Sikora, M., Johnson, P.L.F., Allentoft, M.E., Samaniego, J.A., Haviser, J.B., Dee, M.W., Stafford, T.W. Jr, Salas, A., Orlando, L., Willerslev, E., Bustamante, C.D., and Gilbert, M.T.P. 2015: ‘Genome-wide ancestry of 17th-century enslaved Africans from the Caribbean’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112.12, 3669–73Google Scholar
Shaw, H., Montgomery, J., Redfern, R.C., Gowland, R., and Evans, J. 2016: ‘Identifying migrants in Roman London using lead and strontium stable isotopes’, Journal of Archaeological Science 66, 57–68Google Scholar
Shepherd, J.P., Shapland, M., Pearce, N.X., and Scully, C. 1990: ‘Pattern, severity and aetiology of injuries in victims of assault’, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 83, 75–8Google Scholar
Shilling, C. 2003: The Body and Social Theory, LondonGoogle Scholar
Shuler, K.A. 2005: ‘Health, history, and sugar: a bioarchaeological study of enslaved Africans from Newton Plantation, Barbados, West Indies’, African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter 8.5, 5 http://www.scholarworks.umass.edu/adan/vol8/iss5/5Google Scholar
Shuler, K.A. 2011: ‘Life and death on a Barbadian sugar plantation: historic and bioarchaeological views of infection and mortality at Newton Plantation’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 21, 66–81Google Scholar
Shuler, K.A., and Schroeder, H. 2013: ‘Evaluating alcohol related birth defects in the past: skeletal and biochemical evidence from a colonial rum producing community in Barbados, West Indies’, International Journal of Paleopathology 3, 235–42Google Scholar
Shuler, K.A., Schroeder, H., Stevens, W., and Herndon, K. 2012: ‘Sugar, health, and slavery: forty years of bioarchaeological research at Newton Plantation, Barbados’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 147, http://meeting.physanth.org/program/2012/session29/shuler-2012-sugar-health-and-slavery-forty-years-of-bioarchaeological-research-at-newton-plantation-barbados.htmlGoogle Scholar
Simmonds, A., Márquez-Grant, N., and Loe, L. (eds) 2008: Life and Death in a Roman City. Excavation of a Roman Cemetery with a Mass Grave at 120–122 London Road, Gloucester, Oxford Archaeology Monograph 6, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Smith-Guzmán, N. 2015: ‘The skeletal manifestation of malaria: an epidemiological approach using documented skeletal collections’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 158.4, 624–35Google Scholar
Sofaer, J.R. 2006: The Body as Material Culture: A Theoretical Osteoarchaeology, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Solbakk, J.H., Holm, S., and Hofmann, B. 2009: The Ethics of Research Biobanking, HeidelbergGoogle Scholar
Sperduti, A. 1997: ‘Life conditions of a Roman Imperial age population: occupational stress markers and working activities in Lucus Feroniae (Rome, 1st–2nd century A.D.)’, Human Evolution 12.4, 253–67Google Scholar
Steckel, R.H. 1986: ‘A dreadful childhood: the excess mortality of American slaves’, Social Science History 10.4, 427–65Google Scholar
Steckel, R.H., and Rose, J.C. (eds) 2002: The Backbone of History: Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Stodder, A.L.W., and Palkovich, A.M. (eds) 2014: The Bioarchaeology of Individuals, Gainesville, FLGoogle Scholar
Suffolk Heritage Explorer 2014: ‘FNG Misc – possible Roman iron shackles’, http://www.heritage.suffolk.gov.uk/hbsmr-web/record.aspx?UID=MSF5442-Boarded-Barn-Farm-(Rom)Google Scholar
Tacoma, L.E. 2016: Moving Romans: Migration to Rome in the Principate, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Taylor, A. 2008: ‘Aspects of deviant burial in Roman Britain’, in Murphy, M.M. (ed.), Deviant Burial in the Archaeological Record, Oxford, 91–114Google Scholar
Taylor, T. 2005: ‘Ambushed by a grotesque: archaeology, slavery and the third paradigm’, in Pearson, M. Parker and Thorpe, I.J.N. (eds), Warfare, Violence and Slavery in Prehistory, BAR International Series 1374, Oxford, 225–33Google Scholar
Thompson, H. 1993: ‘Iron Age and Roman slave-shackles’, Archaeological Journal 150, 57–168Google Scholar
Tilley, L. 2015: Theory and Practice in the Bioarchaeology of Care, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Tilley, L., and Cameron, T. 2014: ‘Introducing the Index of Care: a web-based application supporting archaeological research into health-related care’, International Journal of Paleopathology 6, 5–9Google Scholar
Tomlin, R.S.O. 2016: Roman London's First Voices. Writing Tablets from the Bloomberg Excavations, 2010–14, MoLA Monograph 72, LondonGoogle Scholar
Towle, I., Dove, E.R., Irish, J.D., and De Groote, I. 2017: ‘Severe plane-form enamel hypoplasia in a dentition from Roman Britain’, Dental Anthropology 30.1, 16–24 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/552ade7fe4b0ee740debb251/t/59947adbe58c625544012a23/1502903080941/DA_30_1.pdfGoogle Scholar
Tsutaya, T., and Yoneda, M. 2014: ‘Reconstruction of breastfeeding and weaning practices using stable isotope and trace element analyses: a review’, Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 156.S59, 2–21Google Scholar
Ulijaszek, S.T., Johnston, F.E., and Preece, M.A. (eds) 1998: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Growth and Development, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Vitruvius, : De Architectura, trans. Rowland, I.D., Cambridge (2002)Google Scholar
Walker, D., Powers, N., Connell, B., and Redfern, R. 2015: ‘Evidence of skeletal treponematosis from the medieval burial ground of St. Mary Spital, London, and implications for the origins of the disease in Europe’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 156, 90–101Google Scholar
Warinner, C., Speller, C., Collins, M.J., and Lewis, C.M. 2015: ‘Ancient human microbiomes’, Journal of Human Evolution 79, 125–36Google Scholar
Warinner, C., Herbig, A., Mann, A.E., Fellows Yates, J.A., Weiss, C.L., Burbano, H.A., Orlando, L., and Krause, J. 2017: ‘A robust framework for microbial archaeology’, Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, doi: 10.1146/annrev-genom-091416-035526Google Scholar
Watters, D.R. 1994: ‘Mortuary patterns at the Harney site slave cemetery, Monserrat, in Caribbean perspective’, Historical Archaeology 28.3, 56–73Google Scholar
Webster, J. 2005: ‘Archaeologies of slavery and servitude: bringing “New World” perspectives to Roman Britain’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 18.1, 161–79Google Scholar
Webster, J. 2008a: ‘Less beloved. Roman archaeology, slavery and the failure to compare’, Archaeological Dialogues 15.2, 103–23Google Scholar
Webster, J. 2008b: ‘Slavery, archaeology and the politics of analogy’, Archaeological Dialogues 15.2, 139–49Google Scholar
Webster, J. 2010a: ‘Routes to slavery in the Roman world: a comparative perspective on the archaeology of forced migration’, in Eckardt 2010, 45–65Google Scholar
Webster, J. 2010b: ‘A distant diaspora: thinking comparatively about origins, migration and Roman slavery’, African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter March, http://www.diaspora.illinois.edu/news0310/news0310-3.pdfGoogle Scholar
Weiss, E. 2005: ‘Humeral cross-sectional morphology from 18th century Quebec prisoners of war: limits to activity reconstruction’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 126, 311–17Google Scholar
Weiss, E., and Jurmain, R. 2007: ‘Osteoarthritis revisited: a contemporary review of aetiology’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 17, 437–50Google Scholar
Wells, C. 1976: ‘The human burials’, in West and Plouviez 1976, 103–19Google Scholar
West, S.E., and Plouviez, J. 1976: The Romano-British Site at Icklingham, East Anglian Archaeology Report 3, IpswichGoogle Scholar
Weston, D. 2008: ‘Investigating the specificity of periosteal reactions in pathology museum specimens’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 137, 48–59Google Scholar
Weston, D. 2012: ‘Non-specific infection in palaeopathology: interpreting periosteal reactions’, in Grauer, A.L. (ed.), Companion to Paleopathology, New York, 492–512Google Scholar
Whitfield, K.E., Wiggins, S.A., and Brandon, D.T. 2003. ‘Genetics and health disparities: fears and realities’, Journal of the National Medical Association 95.7, 539–43Google Scholar
Wiedemann, T. 1981: Greek and Roman Slavery: A Sourcebook, BaltimoreGoogle Scholar
Wiedemann, T. 1987: Slaves and Masters in the Roman Empire: A Study in Social Control, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Wiedemann, T. 1996: ‘Servi senes: the role of old slaves at Rome’, Polis 8, 275–93Google Scholar
Widdows, H., and Mullen, C. (eds) 2013: The Governance of Genetic Information. Who decides? CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Wilczak, C., Null, C.C., Watkins, R., and Blakey, M.L. 2004: ‘New York African Burial Ground Skeletal Biology Final Report, Volume 1. Chapter 11. Skeletal Indicators of Work: Musculoskeletal, Arthritic and Traumatic Effects’, Archaeology of the African Burial Ground National Monument, New York Project, http://www.core.tdar.org/document/365641Google Scholar
Willey, D. 2013: ‘Vatican to Open Poignant Ancient Roman Cemetery’, BBC News online http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25421841Google Scholar
Wood, J.W., Milner, G.R., Harpending, H.C., and Weiss, K.M. 1992: ‘The osteological paradox: problems of inferring prehistoric health from skeletal samples’, Current Anthropology 33, 343–70Google Scholar
Woolf, G. 2013: ‘Female mobility in the Roman West’, in Hemelrijk, E. and Woolf, G. (eds), Women and the Roman City in the Latin West, Leiden, 351–68Google Scholar
Wrathmell, S., and Nicholson, A. (eds) 1990: Dalton Parlours. Iron Age Settlement and Roman Villa, Yorkshire Archaeology Volume 3, WakefieldGoogle Scholar