Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-wq2xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T06:48:35.105Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Ethics, Kawa, and the Constitution: Transformation of the System of Ethical Review in Aotearoa New Zealand

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 May 2011

Extract

New Zealand is a South Pacific nation with a history of British colonization since the 19th century. It has a population of over four million people and, like other indigenous societies such as in Australia and Canada, Māori are now a minority in their land, and their experience of colonization is that of being dominated by settlers to the detriment of their own systems of society.

Type
Special Section: Bioethics beyond Borders 2011
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. New Zealand Government. Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003; available at http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2003/0048/latest/whole.html#dlm203312.

2. Health Promotion Forum; 2010; available at http://www.hpforum.org.nz/history.html (last accessed 13 Mar 2011).

3. Hudson, M.He Matatika Maori: Maori and Ethical Review in Health Research. Unpublished Master’s thesis. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University of Technology; 2004Google Scholar; Powick, K.Māori Research Ethics: A Literature Review of the Ethical Issues and Implications of Kaupapa Māori Research and Research involving Māori for Researchers, Supervisors and Ethics Committees. Hamilton: Wilf Malcolm Institute of Educational Research, School of Education, University of Waikato; 2002Google Scholar; Tupara, H.Nga Urupounamu e Whakahaerengia ana e te Whanau: Whanau Decision Processes. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. Palmerston North, New Zealand: Massey University; 2009.Google Scholar

4. Leininger, ME.Ethical and Moral Dimensions of Care. Detroit: Wayne State University Press; 1990Google Scholar; Ramsden, I.Cultural Safety and Nursing Education in Aotearoa and Te Waipounamu. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. Wellington, New Zealand: Victoria University of Wellington; 2002Google Scholar; Johnstone, M.Bioethics: A Nursing Perspective, 4th ed.Sydney: Churchill Livingstone; 2004.Google Scholar

5. Committee of Inquiry into Allegations Concerning the Treatment of Cervical Cancer at National Women’s Hospital and into Other Related Matters; 1988; Duffy, AP, Barrett, D, Duggan, M. Gisborne Cervical Screening Inquiry: Report of the Ministerial Inquiry into the Under-Reporting of Cervical Smear Abnormalities in the Gisborne Region; available athttp://www.csi.org.nz/background/inquiryback.htm (last accessed 13 Mar 2011).Google Scholar

6. Cunningham, C.An indigenous New Zealand health researcher’s perspective. Monash Bioethics Review 2003;22(4);26–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

7. Health & Disability Commissioner. Annual Report for the year ended 30 June; 2009; available at http://www.hdc.org.nz/publications/other-publications-from-hdc/annual-reports?page=2 (last accessed 13 Mar 2011).

8. Bismark, M, Paterson, R.No-fault compensation in New Zealand: Harmonizing injury compensation, provider accountability, and patient safety. Health Affairs 2006;25(1):278–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

9. McDowell, M, Webb, D.The New Zealand Legal System: Structures and Process, 4th ed.Wellington: LexisNexis NZ Ltd.; 2006Google Scholar; Mulholland, R.Introduction to the New Zealand Legal System, 10th ed. Wellington: Butterworths; 2001.Google Scholar

10. Durie, E.Ethics and Values; 1999; available atwww.kennett.co.nz/law/indigenous/1999/39.html (last accessed 13 Mar 2011).Google Scholar

11. Te Puni, Kōkiri. He Tirohanga o Kawa ki te Tiriti o Waitangi: A Guide to the Treaty of Waitangi as expressed by the Courts & the Waitangi Tribunal. Wellington: Te Puni Kokiri: Ministry of Maori Development; 2001:17.Google Scholar

12. See note 9, Mulholland 2001.

13. See note 9, Mulholland 2001:4.

14. Palmer, M.The Treaty of Waitangi in legislation. New Zealand Law Journal 2001:207–12.Google Scholar

15. Ministry of Health. History of Health and Disability Ethics in New Zealand; available at http://www.ethicscommittees.health.govt.nz/moh.nsf/indexcm/ethics-ethicalreview-history?Open&m_id=3.3#before2011 (last accessed on 13 Mar 2011).

16. Mautner, T.Dictionary of Philosophy. London: Penguin Books; 2000Google Scholar; Morrison, E.Health Care Ethics: Critical Issues for the 21st Century. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers; 2009.Google Scholar

17. General Assembly of the United Nations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. New York: General Assembly of the United Nations; 1948Google Scholar; World Medical Association. Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. Helsinki: World Medical Association; 1964; available at http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/b3/index.html (last accessed 13 Mar 2011)Google Scholar.

18. See note 16.

19. See note 16.

20. See note 16.

21. Kant, I.Critique of Pure Reason. London: Dent; 1959.Google Scholar

22. Heydt, C.John Stuart Mill: Overview; 2006; available atwww.iep.utm.edu/m/milljs.htm (last accessed 29 Jun 2009)Google Scholar; Sweet, W.Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832). 2005; available atwww.iep.utm.edu/bentham (last accessed 13 Mar 2011).Google Scholar

23. See note 16, Morrison 2009; Gettier, E.Is justified true belief knowledge? Analysis 1963;23:121–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

24. See note 16, Morrison 2009.

25. See note 16, Morrison 2009.

26. See note 22, Sweet 2005.

27. Christians, C. Ethics and politics in qualitative research. In: Denzin, N, Lincoln, Y.Handbook of Qualitative Research, 2nd ed.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2000:133–55.Google Scholar

28. See note 27.

29. Barnhardt, R, Kawagley, A.Indigneous knowledge systems and Alaska native ways of knowing. Anthropology and Education Quarterly 2005;36(1):8–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kawagley, A.A Yupiaq Worldview: A Pathway to Ecology and Spirit, 2nd ed.Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, Inc.; 2006Google Scholar; Marsden, M.Resource Management Law Reform: Part A: The Natural World and Natural Resources, Maori Value Systems & Perspectives: Part B: Water Resources and the Kai Tahu Claim. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment; 1989.Google Scholar

30. Whakapapa is sometimes translated as genealogy, which is not accurate, because genealogy only refers to humans. Whakapapa is a framework for all phenomena.

31. See note 30.

32. Royal, TAC.Te Ngakau: He Wananga i te Matauranga. Porirua Mauriora-ki-te-Ao/Living Universe Ltd.; 2009.Google Scholar

33. See note 10, Durie 1999.

34. Salmond, A.Hui: A Study of Ceremonial Gatherings. Wellington: Reed Methuen; 1985Google Scholar; Ngata, A, Jones, PT.Nga Moteatea: The Songs Part One. Auckland: Auckland University Press; 2005.Google Scholar

35. Tupara, H.Nga Urupounamu e Whakahaerengia ana e te whanau: Whanau Decision Processes. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. Palmerston North, New Zealand: Massey University; 2009.Google Scholar

36. Ermine, W, Sinclair, R, Jeffery, B.Ethics of Research Involving Indigenous Peoples. Report of the Indigenous Peoples’ Health Research Centre to the Interagency Advisory Panel on Research Ethics. Saskatoon, Canada; 2004.Google Scholar

37. See note 3, Hudson 2004.

38. Ministry of Health. He Korowai Oranga. Wellington, Ministry of Health; 2002.

39. An iwi refers to a tribal collective.

40. A hapū refers to a collective kin group that is normally part of a larger tribal grouping.

41. See note 33, Ngata, Jones 2005.

42. See note 11, Te Puni Kōkiri 2001.

43. See note 11, Te Puni Kokiri 2001.

44. See note 11, Te Puni Kokiri 2001.

45. Jackson, M.The Maori and the Criminal Justice System: A New Perspective He Whaipaanga Hou. Wellington: Policy and Research Division, Department of Justice; 1988Google Scholar; Jackson, M. The treaty and the word: The colonization of Maori philosophy. In: Oddie, GPerrett, RW.Justice, Ethics and New Zealand Society. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press; 1992:1–10.Google Scholar

46. See note 3.

47. Durie, M.Understanding health and illness: Research at the interface between science and indigenous knowledge. International Journal of Epidemiology 2004;33:1138–43CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

48. New Zealand Government. Inquiry to review New Zealand’s existing constitutional arrangements: Report of the Constitutional Arrangements Committee. Forty-seventh Parliament Presented to the House of Representatives; 2005; available at http://www.elections.org.nz/files/constitutional_review_2005.pdf (last accessed 13 Mar 2011); New Zealand Government. Govt begins cross-party constitutional review. Announcement by Bill English and Pita Sharples; 2010; available at http://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/govt-begins-cross-party-constitutional-review (last accessed 14 Mar 2011).