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Douglas-fir cone gall midges respond to shape and infraredwavelength attributes of host tree branches

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 August 2012

Tracy Zahradnik ,
Stephen Takács ,
Ward Strong ,
Robb Bennett ,
Anastasia Kuzmin  and
Gerhard Gries
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Abstract

We tested the hypothesis that the conophagous Douglas-fir cone gall midge, Contarinia oregonensis Foote (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae),responds to infrared (IR) radiation and other electromagnetic wavelengthsassociated with cones of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirbel) Franco (Pinaceae). Early-season (March–April) thermographic imagesshowed that cone orientation (upright, horizontal, pendant) and cone colour(green, purple, green/purple) did not affect apparent cone temperature(inferred from thermographic images). Tree components significantly differedin apparent temperature with foliage being coolest and branches warmest.There was no significant difference in the number of larvae in cones ofdifferent colours, and adult midges were equally attracted to traps paintedgreen or purple, suggesting that cone colour does not affect ovipositiondecisions by gravid females. Adult midges were more strongly attracted towarm traps with IR frequency emissions higher than the background than tocold traps with IR frequency emissions lower than the background. They werealso more strongly attracted to warm branch-shaped traps than to warmcan-shaped traps. Collectively, these data indicate that the shape and IRattributes of Douglas-fir branches may serve as foraging cues for C. oregonensis.

Résumé

Nous vérifions l'hypothèse selon laquelle la cécidomyie du cône du sapin deDouglas, Contarinia oregonensis Foote (Diptera:Cecidomyiidae), une espèce conophage, réagit à la radiation infra-rouge (IR)et aux autres longueurs d'ondes électromagnétiques associées aux cônes dusapin de Douglas, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco(Pinaceae). Des images thermographiques au début de la saison (mars-avril)montrent que l'orientation du cône (dressé, horizontal ou pendant) et sacouleur (vert, violet, vert/violet) n'affectent pas la température apparentedu cône (estimée d'après les images thermographiques). Les diversescomposantes des arbres diffèrent significativement par leurs températuresapparentes, car le feuillage est le plus frais et les branches les pluschaudes. Il n'y a pas de différence significative entre les nombres delarves dans les cônes de couleurs différentes et les cécidomyies adultessont attirées autant par les pièges peints en vert qu'en violet, ce quilaisse croire que la couleur du cône n'affecte pas les décisions de pontedes femelles gravides. Les cécidomyies adultes sont plus fortement attiréespar les pièges chauds dont les émissions de fréquence IR sont plus élevéesque celles de l'arrière plan que par les pièges froids dont les émissions defréquence IR sont plus basses que celles de l'arrière plan. Elles sont aussiplus fortement attirées par les pièges chauds en forme de branche que parles pièges chauds en forme de canette. Dans leur ensemble, ces résultatsindiquent que la forme et les attributs IR des branches de sapins de Douglaspeuvent servir de signaux de recherche chez C.oregonensis.

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Type
Original Article
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 144 , Issue 5 , October 2012 , pp. 658 - 666
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2012

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