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Callus formation and bark moisture as potential physical defenses of northern red oak, Quercus rubra, against red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2012

Melissa K. Fierke  and
Fred M. Stephen
Melissa K. Fierke*
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, Agriculture Building Room 319, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States of America
Fred M. Stephen
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, Agriculture Building Room 319, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States of America
*
1Corresponding author (e-mail: mkfierke@esf.edu).
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Abstract

The red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman), is a native wood-boring beetle implicated as a major contributor to recent high levels of oak mortality in northern Arkansas. Northern red oaks, Quercus rubra L. (Fagaceae), were grouped into three classes of red oak borer infestation history based on crown condition and basal red oak borer emergence holes: class I (low infestation), class II (moderate infestation), and class III (high infestation). In 2004 and 2005, trees from each class were mechanically wounded and callus formation was measured after one year. Class I trees exhibited significantly greater callus formation than class III trees in both years. Monthly measurements in spring and summer of 2006 indicated significant differences in callus formation among classes, with class I trees healing over significantly earlier. Moisture was measured in bark samples removed 1 week and 4 weeks after initiation of three treatments: control, mechanical wounding, and artificial insertion of larvae. Moisture levels did not vary among infestation classes or treatments. This research indicates that bark moisture is likely not a defense against red oak borer, but that callus overgrowth may be a defense early in the second year of the life cycle in healthy trees.

Résumé

Le perceur du chêne rouge, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman), est un coléoptère perceur indigène qui contribue beaucoup aux récents taux élevés de mortalité des chênes dans le nord de l’Arkansas. Nous avons réparti des chênes rouges, Quercus rubra L. (Fagaceae), en trois classes d’infestation par le perceur du chêne rouge d’après la condition de leur cime et le nombre de trous d’émergence du perceur du chêne sur la base du tronc, soit les classes I (peu d’épisodes d’infestation), II (infestation moyenne) et III (infestation forte). En 2004 et 2005, nous avons blessé mécaniquement des arbres de chacune des classes et avons mesuré la formation du bourrelet cicatriciel une année plus tard. Au cours des deux années, les arbres de classe I ont eu une production significativement plus grande de bourrelets que les arbres de classe III. Des mesures mensuelles au printemps et à l’été 2006 indiquent des différences significatives dans la formation des bourrelets dans les diverses classes; les arbres de classe I guérissent significativement plus tôt. Nous avons mesuré l’humidité dans des échantillons d’écorce prélevés une semaine et quatre semaines après le début de trois traitements expérimentaux, soit les conditions témoins, les blessures mécaniques et l’insertion artificielle des larves. Il n’y a pas de différences d’humidité entre les classes d’infestation, ni entre les divers traitements. Notre recherche indique que l’humidité de l’écorce n’est vraisemblablement pas un moyen de défense contre le perceur du chêne rouge et que la couverture par un bourrelet peut s’avérer être un moyen de défense tôt dans la seconde année du cycle biologique des arbres sains.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 140 , Issue 2 , April 2008 , pp. 149 - 157
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2008

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