Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-hfldf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-03T21:12:10.130Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Comparison of two different box styles for mass rearing of Sasajiscymnus tsugae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a biological control agent of hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae)1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2012

Huge E. Conway ,
Karen B. Burton ,
Carolyn A. Hendrix ,
LayLa W. Burgess  and
Joseph D. Culin
Huge E. Conway*
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, Soils, and Plant Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States of America
Karen B. Burton
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, Soils, and Plant Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States of America
Carolyn A. Hendrix
Affiliation:
South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Marine Resources Division, Charleston, South Carolina 29422, United States of America
LayLa W. Burgess
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, Soils, and Plant Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States of America
Joseph D. Culin
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, Soils, and Plant Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States of America
*
2 Corresponding author (e-mail: hconway@clemson.edu).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae Annand, is the number one threat to hemlock (genus Tsuga Carr.; Pinaceae) forests in eastern North America. Sasajiscymnus tsugae (Sasaji et McClure), an introduced coccinellid from Japan, is a promising biological control agent for HWA. In mass rearing of S. tsugae, the main goals are to maximize adult beetle production, reduce the amount of human labor, and minimize production costs. Significantly higher adult S. tsugae production and survivorship from egg to adult were observed in a modified rearing box compared with a conventional rearing box. The 30 modified boxes produced 4400 more beetles than the 30 conventional boxes. Over time, egg to adult survivorship decreased because of larval cannibalism at densities above 1650 larvae per rearing box. Additionally, warmer weather conditions increased the number of insect and spider predators incidentally introduced via HWA-infested hemlock twigs. There was no significant difference in the time required to prepare modified and conventional boxes for initial introduction of eggs, but significantly less time was required to add water, honey, and HWA-infested twigs to the modified boxes. The additional cost and time required to add modifications to each box was compensated for by the increased number of adult S. tsugae produced and the time saved during the 35 days of scheduled maintenance as eggs hatched and larvae developed to adults.

Résumé

L'adelgide laineux de la pruche (HWA), Adelges tsugae Annand, constitue la plus grande menace aux forêts de pruches (Tsuga Carr.; Pinaceae) dans la zone est de l'Amérique du Nord. Sasajiscymnus tsugae (Sasaji et McClure), une coccinelle introduite du Japon, offre de bonnes possibilités pour le contrôle naturel des HWA. Dans l'élevage en masse des S. tsugae, on cherche avant tout à maximiser la production des coléoptères adultes et à réduire au minimum le coût de production et l'effort humain qu'il faut investir. On a constaté que la production et la survie jusqu'à l'âge adulte des coléoptères élevés dans les 30 boîtes d'élevage modifiées étaient nettement plus importantes que dans les 30 boîtes conventionnelles, soit 4400 coléoptères de plus. Avec le temps, on a constaté une baisse de l'ordre de 1650 larves par boîte dans le taux de survie à l'âge adulte, laquelle s'expliquerait surtout par le cannibalisme des larves. En plus, le climat plus chaud a eu pour conséquence de favoriser la croissance de la population d'insectes et d'araignées prédateurs dans les branches de pruches infestées par les HWA. En ce qui concerne la durée de préparation des deux types de boîtes d'élevage pour la pondaison des œufs, la différence n'était pas majeure. Par contre, on met beaucoup moins de temps à introduire de l'eau, du miel, et des branches de pruches infestées dans les boîtes modifiées. Les coût et effort supplémentaires qu'exige la modification des boîtes d'élevage sont largement compensés par le rendement supérieur en S. tsugae adultes et par les économies de temps et d'effort réalisées au cours des 35 jours d'entretien obligatoire à partir de l'éclosion des œufs jusqu'à la maturation des larves.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 137 , Issue 5 , October 2005 , pp. 622 - 629
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

Technical Contribution No. 5048 of the South Carolina Agriculture and Forestry Research System, Clemson University.

References

Blumenthal, E.M. 2002. Report: Pseudoscymnustsugae in Pennsylvania forests. In Proceedings: Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States Symposium, East Brunswick, New Jersey, 5–7 February 2002. Edited by Onken, B., Reardon, R., and Lashomb, J.. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station and Rutgers State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey. pp. 166–169.Google Scholar
Cheah, C.A.S.J., and McClure, M.S. 1996. Exotic natural enemies of Adelges tsugae and their prospect for biological control. In Proceeding of the First Hemlock Woolly A delgid Review, Charlottesville, Virginia, 12 October 1995. Edited by Salom, S.M., Tigner, T.C., and Reardon, R.C.. USDA Forest Service FHTET 96–10, Morgan town, West Virginia. pp. 103–112.Google Scholar
Cheah, C.A.S.J., and McClure, M.S. 1998. Life history and development of Pseudoscymnus tsugae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a new predator of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae). Environmental Entomology, 27: 1531–1536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, R.A., Johnson, E., Shreiner, J., Amler, A., Battles, J., Cleavitt, N. et al. 1996. Potential impacts of hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) on eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) ecosystems. In Proceeding of the First Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Review, Charlottesville, Virginia, 12 October 1995. Edited by Salom, S.M., Tigner, T.C., and Reardon, R.C.. USDA Forest Service FHTET 96–10, Morgantown, West Virginia. pp. 42–57.Google Scholar
Godman, R.M., and Lancaster, T. 1990. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern hemlock. In Silvics of North America. Vol. 2. Edited by Burns, R.M. and Honkala, B.H.. US Department of Agriculture Agriculture Handbook 654. pp. 604–612.Google Scholar
Knauer, K., Linnane, J., Shields, K., and Bridges, R. 2002. An initiative for management of the hemlock woolly adelgid. In Proceedings: Hemlock Woolly Adelgid i n the Eastern United States Symposium. East Brunswick, New Jersey, 5–7 February 2002. Edited by Onken, B., Reardon, R., and Lashomb, J.. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station and Rutgers State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey. pp. 9–11.Google Scholar
McClure, M.S. 1991. Density-dependent feedback and population cycles in Adelges tsugae (Homoptera: Adelgidae) on Tsugae canadensis. Environmental Entomology, 20: 258–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClure, M.S. 2001. Biological control of the hemlock woolly adelgid in t he Eastern United States. USDA Forest Service FHTET-2001–08.Google Scholar
McClure, M.S., and Cheah, C.A.S.J. 1998. Released Japanese ladybugs are multiplying and killing hemlock woolly adelgids. Frontiers of Plant Science, 50: 6–8.Google Scholar
McClure, M.S., Salom, S.M., and Shields, K.S. 2001. Hemlock woolly adelgid. USDA Forest Service FHTET-2001–03.Google Scholar
Montgomery, M.E., Havill, N., Cheah, C.A.S.J., McClure, M.S., Zilahi-Balogh, G., Lamb, A., and Salom, S. 2003. Hemlock woolly adelgid biological control research. In Proceedings, USDA Inter agency Research Forum on Gypsy Moth and Other Invasive Species 2002, Annapolis, Maryland, 15–18 January 2002. Edited by Fosbroke, S.L.C. and Gottschalk, K.W.. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NE-300. p. 74.Google Scholar
Orwig, D.A., and Foster, D.R. 1998. Forest responses to the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid in southern New England, USA. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, 125: 60–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orwig, D.A., Foster, D.R., and Mausel, D.L. 2002. Landscape patterns of hemlock decline in New England due to the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid. Journal of Biogeography, 29: 1475–1487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ovtsharenko, V. I., and Tanasevitch, A.V. 2002. Biodiversity of spiders of Black Rock Forest, NY [online]. American Museum of Natural History. Available from http://research.amnh.org/entomology/blackrock2/hemlock_spiders.htm#spiders [cited 1 October 2004].Google Scholar
Palmer, D.J., and Sheppard, J.L. 2002. Mass rearing Pseudoscymnus tsugae at the New Jersey Department of Agriculture: challenges and lessons. In Proceedings: Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in t he Eastern United States Symposium, East Brunswick, New Jersey, 5–7 February 2002. Edited by Onken, B., Reardon, R., and Lashomb, J.. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station and Rutgers State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey. pp. 214–220.Google Scholar
SAS Institute Inc. 1997. JMP. Windows Version 3.2.1 [computer program]. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina.Google Scholar
Skinner, M., Parker, B.L., Gouli, S., and Ashikaga, T. 2003. Regional response of hemlock woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae) to low temperatures. Environmental Entomology, 32: 523–528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, M.S., and Hain, F.P 2000. Field surveys and evaluation of native and established predators of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae) in the southeastern United States. Environmental Entomology, 29: 638–644.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zilahi-Balogh, G.M., Humble, L.M., Lamb, A.B., Salom, S.M., and Tok, L.T. 2003. Seasonal abundance and synchrony between Laricobius nigrinus (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) and its prey, the hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 135: 103–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar