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Developmental and reproductive effects of clothianidin exposure in monarch butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 March 2021

Alana A.E. Wilcox Open the ORCID record for Alana A.E. Wilcox [Opens in a new window] ,
Amy E.M. Newman  and
D. Ryan Norris
Alana A.E. Wilcox*
Affiliation:
1Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
Amy E.M. Newman
Affiliation:
1Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
D. Ryan Norris
Affiliation:
1Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada 2Nature Conservancy of Canada, 245 Eglington Avenue East, Toronto, Ontario, M4P 3J1, Canada
*
*Corresponding author. Email: alanaaewilcox@gmail.com
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Abstract

Neonicotinoid insecticides are used to reduce crop damage caused by insect pests, but sublethal levels could affect development and reproduction in nontarget insects, such as monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). To investigate the impact of field-realistic concentrations of the neonicotinoid clothianidin on monarch butterflies, we grew swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) (Apocynaceae) in either low (15 ng/g of soil) or high (25 ng/g of soil) levels of clothianidin, or in a control (0 ng/g), then raised monarchs on the milkweed. Morphological traits of monarch caterpillars were measured during development and, once they eclosed, were mated as adults to quantify egg size and mass and the number of eggs laid. Although the effects of the treatment had complex effects on caterpillar length, width and volume of late-instar caterpillars were negatively affected. Fifth-instar caterpillars from the high-dose insecticide treatment had lower mass than other groups. Adult monarch butterflies raised on treated milkweed were larger than controls, but clothianidin exposure did not affect the number of eggs laid or egg size. Although the magnitude of the effect depends on clothianidin concentration, our results suggest that exposure to clothianidin during early life can impact monarch caterpillar development but is unlikely to reduce female reproductive output.

Type
Research Papers
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 153 , Issue 3 , June 2021 , pp. 327 - 342
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Entomological Society of Canada.

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Footnotes

Subject editor: David Siaussat

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