Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T17:00:23.877Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Prohibition of the Use and Threat of Force: Self-Defence and Self-Help in International Law

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2016

Josef Mrazek*
Affiliation:
Department of International Law, Institute of Law, Czechoslovakia Academy of Sciences, Prague
Get access

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Canadian Council on International Law / Conseil Canadien de Droit International, representing the Board of Editors, Canadian Yearbook of International Law / Comité de Rédaction, Annuaire Canadien de Droit International 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Morgenthau, H.J., Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace 265 (1967).Google Scholar

2 Aron, R., Paix et guerre entre les nations 112 (1962).Google Scholar

3 Schwarzenberger, G., Power Politics 199 (1969).Google Scholar

4 Kennan, G., American Diplomacy, 1900-1950 98 (1951).Google Scholar

5 Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua, (Nicaragua v. United States of America), [1986] ICJ Rep. 14.

6 Randelzhofer, A., “Use of Force,” in Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Vol. 4, at 258 (1982).Google Scholar

7 Documents of the United Nations Conference on International Organization Vol. 6, at 334, 609 (UNCIO, 1945).

8 Report of the ILC on the Work of Its Thirty-Sixth Session, 39 UN GAOR Supp./No. 10/, UN D0C.A/39/10/1984.

9 Brownlie, I., International Law and the Use of Force by States 264 (1963).Google Scholar

10 ILC Yearbook, 1966, 1966–II, 247 para. 1.

11 Supra note 5, at 93.

12 Ibid., 94.

13 Ibid., 97, 100.

14 Goodrich, L. and Hambro, E., Charter of the United Nations 301 (1946)Google Scholar; Bowett, D.W., Self-Defence in International Law 187 (1958)Google Scholar; Stone, J., Aggression and World Order (1958).Google Scholar

15 Jiminez de Aréchaga, E., El Derecho International Contemporaneo (1980) (Russian trans., Sovremennoye mezhdunarodnoye pravo 139 (1983).Google Scholar

16 Brownlie, op. cit. supra note 9, at 264-80; Verdross, A. and Simma, B., Universelles Völkerrecht 287 (1984).Google Scholar

17 Rolling, B.V.A., “Hat Kriegsverbot noch einen Sinn?,” 14 Jahrbuch f. Internationales Recht 174–87 (1969).Google Scholar

18 Franck, T.M., “Who Killed Art. 2(4)? or: Changing Norms Governing the Use of Force by States,” 64 Am. J. Int’l L. 809–37 (1970).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

19 Reisman, W.M., “The Emperor Has No Clothes: Article 2(4) and the Use of Force in Contemporary International Law,” in United Nations for a Better World 10 (1986).Google Scholar

20 Henkin, L., “The Reports of the Death of Article 3(4) Are Greatly Exaggerated,” 65 Am. J. Int’l L. 544 (1971).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

21 Higgins, R., The Development of International Law through the Political Organs of the United Nations 220 (1963).Google Scholar

22 Michael Reisman, W. , “Coercion and Self-Determination : Construing Charter Article 2(4),” 78 Am. J. Int’l L. 642–44 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

23 Schachter, Oscar, “The Legality of Pro-Democratic Invasion,” 78 Am. J. Int’l L. 645.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

24 D’Amato, Anthony, “Nicaragua and International Law: The ‘Academic’ and the ‘Real’,” 79 Am. J. Int’l L. 660, 664 (1985).Google Scholar

25 Separate Opinion of President Nagendra Singh, supra note 5, at 151.

26 Ibid., 110.

27 Ibid., 94, 96.

28 Singh, N. and McWhinney, E., Nuclear Weapons and Contemporary International Law 91 (1989).Google Scholar

29 Supra note 5, at 94.

30 Kelsen, H., The Law of the United Nations 792, 797 (1951).Google Scholar

31 Delbrück, J., “Collective Self-Defence,” in Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Vol. 4, at 114–17 (1982).Google Scholar

32 Supra note 5, at 103–4, 105, 110.

33 Kelsen, op. cit. supra note 30, at 914.

34 Supra note 28, at 91.

35 Goodrich and Hambro, op. cit. supra note 14, at 300.

36 Bowett, op. cit. supra note 14, at 187.

37 Almond, G., “Military Activities in Outer Space: The Emerging Law,” in Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space (1981).Google Scholar

38 Bowett, op. cit. supra note 14, at 70-71, 187.

39 Waldock, H. M., “The Regulation of the Use of Force in International Law,” in 81 Recueil des Cours de l’Académie de droit international, Tome II, 478, 497-98 (1952).Google Scholar

40 See Goodrich and Hambro, op. cit. supra note 14, at 300.

41 Wright, Q., International Law and the United Nations 100 (1960)Google Scholar; Bentwich, N. and Martin, A., Commentary of the Charter of the United Nations 107 (1951).Google Scholar

42 Verdross and Simma, op. cit. supra note 16, at 290-94.

43 Brownlie, op. cit. supra note 9, at 259.

44 Brownlie, I., “The Principle of Non-Use of Force in Contemporary International Law,” 26 Coexistence 1819 (1989).Google Scholar

45 Verwey, W. D., “Humanitarian Intervention under International Law,” 32 Netherlands Int’l L. Rev. 417–18 (1985).Google Scholar

46 I. Brownlie, supra note 44, at 24.

47 Ibid., 23.

48 See Waldock, supra note 39, at 466; Bowett, op. cit. supra note 14, at 87-105; McNair, A. D., Law of Treaties 209 (1961).Google Scholar

49 D’Amato, supra note 24, at 659.

50 Supra note 5, at 70, 110.

51 Ibid., 87, 93, 103, 127.

52 Ibid., 106.

53 Ibid., 103-4.

54 Ibid., 104, 127.

55 Kelsen, op. cit. supra note 30, at 800.

56 Singh and McWhinney, op. cit. supra note 28, at 96.

57 Kelsen, op. cit. supra note 30, at 709.

58 Brownlie, op. cit. supra note 9, at 43, 46.

59 Bryde, B. O., “Self-Help,” in Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Vol. 4, at 213–15 (1982).Google Scholar

60 Verdross and Simma, op. cit. supra note 16, at 902.

61 Partsch, K. J., “Self-Preservation,” in Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Vol. 4, at 218–19 (1982).Google Scholar

62 UNSC Off. Rec, 1109th Meeting, April 7 (1964), at 4-5.

63 Singh and McWhinney, op. cit. supra note 28, at 82, 84.

64 Brownlie, op. cit. supra note 9, at 225.

65 Schwarzenberger, G. and Brown, E., A Manual of International Law 203 (1976).Google Scholar

66 Judgment for the Trial of German Major War Criminals, Nuremberg, 28 (London: HMSO, 1946).

67 Waldock, supra note 39, at 497-98.

68 Stone, Julius, Legal Controls of International Conflicts 244 (1954)Google Scholar; O’Connell, D. P., International Law, Vol. 1, 340–41 (1965).Google Scholar

69 Falk, R. A., “The Beirut Raid and the International Law of Retaliation,” 63 Am. J. Int’l L. 429 (1969).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

70 Outrata, V., Mezinárodní pravo veïejné (Public International Law), 22, 515 (1960)Google Scholar; Potoêny, M., Mezinárodní právo vefejné (Public International Law) 112 (1973).Google Scholar

71 “O nekotorykh voprosakh mezhdunarodnogo dogovora ν svyazi s Varshavskim dogovorom” (“On Some Problems of International Treaties in Connection with the Warsaw Treaty”), Sovetskoye gosudarstvo i pravo, (1956), No. 1, at 3.

72 Rybakov, Yu. M., Vooruzhennaya agressiya: tyazhchaysheye mezhdunarodnoye prestuplyeniye (Armed Aggression: The Most Serious International Crime) 137 (1980).Google Scholar

73 Problemy kollektivnoy bezopasnosti v Yevrope: Materialy nauchnoy sessii Polskoj Akademii Nauk (Problems of Collective Security in Europe: Proceed-ings of a Scientific Conference of the Polish Academy of Sciences 69 (1955).

74 Skubiszewski, K., “Use of Force by States, Collective Security, Law of War and Neutrality,” in Sorensen, M. (ed.), Manual of Public International Law 764 (1968).Google Scholar

75 Corfu Channel Judgment, [1949] ICJ Rep. 35.

76 Akehurst, M., “The Use of Force to Protect Nationals Abroad,” International Relations 18 (1977).Google Scholar

77 Schachter, Oscar, “Self-Help and the Iranian Crisis,” Journal of International Affairs 231–47 (1984).Google Scholar

78 United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran, Judgment, [1980] ICJ Rep. 3.

79 For an opposite opinion, see Randelzhofer, A., “Use of Force,” in Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Vol. 4, at 258 (1982).Google Scholar

80 ILC Yearbook, 1980, Vol. II (Part Two), 33.

81 Ibid., 68.

82 Singh and McWhinney, op. cit. supra note 28, at 98.