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Whining and Winning: Male Narratives of Love, Marriage, and Divorce in the Shadow of the Third Reich

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2018

Elissa Mailänder*
Affiliation:
Center for History at Sciences Po (CHSP)

Abstract

This article analyzes the social realities that Austrian and German heterosexual men, all in their reproductive age, confronted in the aftermath of World War II; the kind of sexual and gendered configurations produced under Nazism and during the postwar period; and the ways in which these social and emotional realities were publically and privately dealt with after the war. It draws on reports in, and letters-to-the-editor of, the journal Liebe und Ehe from 1949 to 1951, as well as on a sample of fourteen private letters written by an Austrian policeman in 1951 about his love relationship with a nurse. Such early postwar narratives not only point at issues and conflicts between the sexes, but also suggest the rehabilitation of traditional gender roles in West Germany and Austria. Men struggled to conform to new guidelines of heterosexual domesticity, a development that hints not only at traumatic war experiences, but also at the ideological residuals of Nazism.

Dieser Beitrag untersucht die geschlechterspezifischen Probleme, mit denen sich deutsche und österreichische heterosexuelle Männer im zeugungsfähigen Alter nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg konfrontiert sahen. Der Nationalsozialismus und die Nachkriegszeit schufen jeweils spezifische gesellschaftliche und sexualitätspolitische Realitäten, die nach dem Krieg, emotional aufgeladen, privat wie öffentlich ausgehandelt wurden. Als Quellengrundlage dienen Berichte und Leserbriefe der Zeitschrift „Liebe und Ehe” aus den Jahren 1949 bis 1951 sowie eine Reihe privater Briefe eines österreichischen Polizisten über seine Liebesbeziehung mit einer Krankenschwester aus dem Jahr 1951. Diese Texte aus der frühen Nachkriegszeit weisen nicht nur auf Probleme und Konflikte zwischen den Geschlechtern hin, sie zeigen auch, wie es in Westdeutschland und Österreich zu einer Rehabilitierung traditioneller Geschlechterrollen kam. Männer hatten Schwierigkeiten, sich an die neuen Richtlinien heterosexueller Häuslichkeit anzupassen, was sich zum einen mit ihren traumatischen Kriegserfahrungen, aber auch mit ideologischen Rückständen des Nationalsozialismus erklärt.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © Central European History Society of the American Historical Association 2018 

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Footnotes

I wish to thank all those who read earlier versions of this article—first of all, to Jennifer L. Rodgers, who did an amazing job editing this article, and to the Direction Scientifique de Sciences Po for its generous funding. Many thanks to Thomas Kühne and Andrew Port for their constructive support, to Cyrille Jean for sharing his knowledge, and to the two anonymous peer reviewers who gave very useful feedback.

References

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20 Ibid., 119.

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27 Ibid.

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42 Ibid.

43 “Was halten sie vom Frauenüberschuss?,” Liebe und Ehe 1 (1949): 13; see also Liebe und Ehe 1 (1950): 30; Liebe und Ehe 2 (1950): 10. Atina Grossmann refers to a 1945 census that reported an overall population of 2,600,000, of which 60 percent were women. See Grossmann, Atina, Jews, Germans, and Allies: Close Encounters in Occupied Germany (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), 2Google Scholar.

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47 Drawing upon readers' letters addressed to the popular sexual consultant and columnist Marta Emmenegger, the Swiss historian concluded that, in the 1980s and 1990s, male and female readers still disproportionately mentioned problems related to the sexual health of women more often than to male sexual health issues. See Bänziger, Sex als Problem, 130.

48 Ibid., 129; Foucault, Michel, The History of Sexuality, vol. 3: The Care of Self, trans. Hureley, Robert (London: Penguin 1988)Google Scholar; idem, Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault, ed. Luther H. Martin, Huck Gutman, and Patrick H. Hutton (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988), 16–49.

49 Liebe und Ehe 2 (1950): 4–6.

50 Ibid.

51 Ibid.

52 Ibid.

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57 See, e.g., the 1941 action movie and blockbuster STUKAS, a UFA production by Karl Ritter.

58 Liebe und Ehe 2 (1950): 4.

59 Ibid.

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63 Ibid.

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80 For a general overview and a case study of Berlin, see Steege, Paul, Black Market, Cold War: Everyday Life in Berlin, 1946–1949 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007)Google Scholar.

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87 Liebe und Ehe 7 (1950): 26–27.

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90 Ibid.

91 Ibid.

92 Ibid., 26.

93 Ibid.

94 Ibid., 25–26.

95 Ibid., 27.

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103 Institut für Zeitgeschichte (IfZ), Vienna, Sammlung Frauennachlässe (SFN), Nachlass (NL) 147 II.

104 Ingrid Bauer and Christa Hämmerle, “Liebe und Paarbeziehungen im Zeitalter der Briefe—ein Forschungsprojekt im Kontext,” in Liebe schreiben. Paarkorrespondenzen des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts, ed. Ingrid Bauer and Christa Hämmerle (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht), 9–47.

105 It is not clear from the correspondence when and where the two first met.

106 IfZ, Vienna, SFN, NL 147 II, letter from Hans to Marianne, Steinhaus, April 14, 1951.

107 Ibid., letter from Hans to Marianne, Steinhaus, June 11, 1951.

108 Ibid., letter from Hans to Marianne, Steinhaus, June 20, 1951.

109 Ibid.

110 Kühne, Rise and Fall of Comradeship, 84–87.

111 Meyer, Jennifer, “Mouvement völkisch et féminisme en Allemagne. Une approche intersectionnelle à partir de l'exemple de Sophie Rogge-Börner,” in Le premier féminisme allemand 1848–1933. Un mouvement social de dimension international, ed. Farges, Patrick and Saint-Gille, Anne-Marie (Paris: Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, 2013), 7790Google Scholar. See also Bitzan, Renate, Selbstbilder rechter Frauen: Zwischen Antisexismus und völkischem Denken (Tübingen: Diskord, 2000)Google Scholar.

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114 IfZ, Vienna, SFN, NL 147 II, letter from Hans to Marianne, Steinhaus, July 2, 1951.

115 Ibid.

116 Ibid.

117 IfZ, Vienna, SFN, NL 147 II, letter from Hans to Marianne, Steinhaus, July 3, 1951.

118 Ibid.

119 Ibid.

120 IfZ, Vienna, SFN, NL 147 II, letter Hans to Marianne, Steinhaus, July 6, 1951.

121 Hanisch, Männlichkeiten, 165–69.

122 IfZ, Vienna, SFN, NL 147 II, letter Hans to Marianne, Steinhaus, July 6, 1951.

123 Ibid.

124 Ibid.

125 Ibid.

126 IfZ, Vienna, SFN, NL 147 II, letter from Hans to Marianne, Steinhaus, Oct. 3, 1951.

127 Ibid.

128 IfZ, Vienna, SFN, NL 147 II, letter from Hans to Marianne, Steinhaus, Oct. 24, 1951.

129 IfZ, Vienna, SFN, NL 147 II, letter from Hans to Marianne, Steinhaus, Oct. 21, 1951.

130 See also ”Darf der Ehemann seiner Frau eine Berufsausübung verbieten?,” Liebe und Ehe 1 (1949): 37.

131 IfZ, Vienna, SFN, NL 147 II, letter from Hans to Marianne, Steinhaus, Oct. 21, 1951.

132 For the lover, see also the typology by Hanisch, Männlichkeiten, 206; Werner, “Es ist alles verkehrt in der Welt,” 175–96.

133 IfZ, Vienna, SFN, NL 147 II, Damenwahl (poem).

134 Maubach, Franka, Die Stellung halten. Kriegserfahrungen und Lebensgeschichten von Wehrmachthelferinnen (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2009), 4576Google Scholar, 299–308.

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137 Hanisch, Männlichkeiten, 225–26. See also Heineman, What Difference Does a Husband Make, 137; Herzog, Sex after Fascism, 86; Timm, Politics of Fertility, 248.

138 Moeller, Protecting Motherhood, 38–209; Heineman, Elizabeth, “‘The Hour of the Woman’: Memories of Germany's ‘Crisis Years’ and West German National Identity,” American Historical Review 101, no. 2 (1996): 354–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

139 Landesarchiv Schleswig, Personalakten Professor Dr. Otto M., Akt Abt. 47, Nr. 6863.

140 Moeller, Robert G., “Reconstructing the Family in Reconstruction Germany: Women and Social Policy in the Federal Republic, 1949–1955,” Feminist Studies 15, no. 1 (1989): 137–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Herzog, Sex after Fascism, 96–100.

141 Heineman, What Difference Does a Husband Make?, 122.

142 Connell and Messerschmidt, “Hegemonic masculinity,” 832, 846. See also Werner, “‘Es ist alles verkehrt in der Welt.’”

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144 Biess, “Men of Reconstruction,” 335–58; Hanisch, Männlichkeiten, 71–123.

145 Connell and Messerschmidt, “Hegemonic masculinity,” 848.