Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-tj2md Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-20T06:44:41.169Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Why do we condone the ‘physical punishment’ of children?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 February 2016

Abstract

Societal tolerance of violence perpetrated between family members is evident in the generally unchallenged views condoning parents’ physical assault of children in the name of ‘discipline’. The authors suggest that such views reflect society’s devaluation of children and a denial of children’s basic human rights. This paper addresses the following areas related to the sanctioned physical punishment of children: the ‘fuzzy’ distinction between physical punishment and physical abuse; the law; the power of words; the media’s role and impact; parental explanations and motives for using physical punishment; the effects of physical punishment on children; the alternatives to physical punishment; and the reason this issue is so important, both for children and for society.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Australian Law Reform Commission and the Equal Opportunity Commission (1997) ‘Seen and Heard’: Priority for children in the legal process, 1997.Google Scholar
Bauman, L. (1996) ‘Assessing the causal effect of childhood corporal punishment on adult violent behaviour: Methodological challenges’, Pediatrics, 98 (4): 842844.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumrind, D. (1996) ‘A blanket injunction against disciplinary use of spanking is not warranted by the data’, Pediatrics, 98 (4): 828831.Google Scholar
Bone, P. (1995) ‘No fair cracks of the whip’, The Age, 23/6/95.Google Scholar
Boss, P. (1994) Physical Punishment in Child Rearing: A background paper to the campaign for EPOCH (End Physical Punishment of Children) in Australia, Oz Child – Children Australia Inc., South Melbourne.Google Scholar
Boss, P. (1995) ‘Physical punishment in child rearing’, Children Australia, 20(3):2732.Google Scholar
Bower, M. & Knutson, J. (1996) ‘Attitudes toward physical discipline as a function of disciplinary history and self-labelling as physically abused’, Child Abuse and Neglect, 20(8): 689699.Google Scholar
Browne, K. (1995) ‘Predicting maltreatment’, in: Assessment of Parenting, Reder, P. and Lucey, C., Routeledge, London, pp 118130.Google Scholar
Carlson, B. (1986) ‘Children’s beliefs about punishment’, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 56: 308312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlson, B. (1991) ‘Emotionally disturbed children’s beliefs about punishment’, Child Abuse and Neglect, 15: 1928.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cashmore, J. & de Haas, N. (1995) Discussion Paper: Legal and Social Aspects of the Physical Punishment of Children, Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health, Australia.Google Scholar
Chappell, (1993) Second National Conference on Violence. Quoted in Cashmore, J. & de Haas, N. 1995 Discussion Paper: Legal and Social Aspects of the Physical Punishment of Children, Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health, Australia.Google Scholar
Cohen, P. (1996) ‘How can generative theories of the effects of punishment be tested?’, Pediatrics, 98 (4): 834836.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duke, R. & Aitchison, J. (1992) Adults’ and children’s perceptions of smacking. Student Report, University of South Australia (Magill), cited in Cashmore, J. & de Haas, N. Discussion Paper: Legal and Social Aspects of the Physical Punishment of Children, Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health, Australia.Google Scholar
Dusevic, T. (1995) ‘Spanking plans smack of folly’, The Australian, 20/6/95.Google Scholar
Editorial Opinion (1995) ‘A smack for smacking’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 2/5/95:12.Google Scholar
EPOCH Worldwide (1992) Radda Barnen, Booklet published by the Association for the Protection of all Children Ltd., London.Google Scholar
Ericson, R., Baranek, P. & Chan, J. (1987) Visualizing deviance: A study of a news organisation, University of Toronto Press, Toronto.Google Scholar
Farouque, F. (1994) ‘UN slaps Australia over child discipline’, The Age, 22/6/94.Google Scholar
Fergusson, D. & Lynskey, M. (1997) ‘Physical punishment/maltreatment during childhood and adjusting in young adulthood’, Child Abuse and Neglect, 21(7): 617630.Google Scholar
Freeman, M. (1993) ‘Laws, conventions and rights’, Children and Society, 7(1): 3748.Google Scholar
Garbarino, J. (1996) ‘CAN reflections on 20 years of searching’, Child Abuse and Neglect, 20(3): 157160.Google Scholar
Ginn, D. (1996) The Fence on the Cliff, Bookbound, Australia.Google Scholar
Goddard, C.R. (1994) ‘Lessons from the life and death of Daniel Valerio’, Montage, June 12.Google Scholar
Goddard, C.R. (1996) Child abuse and child protection: A guide for health, education and welfare workers, Churchill Livingstone, Melbourne.Google Scholar
Goddard, C.R. (1998) When does the media coverage of child protection amount to child abuse? Paper presented at Kids First Agenda for Change Conference April 2–3, 1998, Melbourne, Australia.Google Scholar
Gosciewski, F.W. (1976) Effective child rearing: the behavioral aware parent, Human Sciences Press, New York, cited in B. Gough & P. Reavey (1997) ‘Parental accounts regarding the physical punishment of children: discourses of dis/empowerment’, Child Abuse and Neglect, 21(5): 417430.Google Scholar
Gough, B. & Reavey, P. (1997) ‘Parental accounts regarding the physical punishment of children: discourses of dis/empowerment’, Child Abuse and Neglect, 21(5): 417430.Google Scholar
Gray, D. (1997) ‘Parents who hit given a scolding’, The Sunday Age, 17/8/97:3.Google Scholar
Graziano, A., Linquist, C., Kunce, L. & Munjal, K. (1992) ‘Physical punishment in childhood and current attitudes’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence 7(2): 147155.Google Scholar
Graziano, A. & Namaste, K. (1990) ‘Parental use of physical punishment in child discipline: A survey of 679 college students’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5:449463.Google Scholar
Graziano, A., Hamblen, J. & Plante, W. (1996) ‘Sub-abusive violence in child rearing in middle-class American families’, Pediatrics, 98(4): 845848.Google Scholar
Green, C. (1984) Toddler Taming: A Parents’ guide to (surviving) the first four years, Doubleday, Sydney.Google Scholar
Haeuser, A.H. (no date) ‘Swedish Parents Don’t Spank’, internet reference: The No Spanking Page http://www.cei.net/-rcox/nospan.html Google Scholar
Healy, J. (1984) ‘Averting the public gaze: social work’s response to battered wives’, Australian Social Work, 37(2):29.Google Scholar
Hitting Back At Smackers’ (1994) The Guardian, 18/3/94.Google Scholar
Horin, A. (1995a) ‘Punishment ban smacks of good sense’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 5/6/95:2.Google Scholar
Horin, A. (1995b) ‘Spare the rod’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 7/7/95:11.Google Scholar
Knowsley, J. (1997) ‘Critics give Denmark’s smacking ban a wallop’, The Age, 2/6/97:9.Google Scholar
Korbin, J. (1989) ‘Fatal maltreatment by mothers: a proposed framework’, Child Abuse &Neglect, 13:481489.Google Scholar
Leach, P. (1994) Children First, Penguin, London, cited in Gough, B. & Reavey, P. 1997Parental accounts regarding the physical punishment of children: discourses of dis/empowerment’, Child Abuse and Neglect, 21(5): 417430.Google Scholar
Loane, S. (1997) ‘UN goes to bat for kids’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 8/10//97.Google Scholar
Maxwell, G. (1993) ‘Physical punishment of children in the home’, Family Matters, 36: 4647.Google Scholar
Melton, G. & Limber, S. (1992) ‘What children’s rights means to children: children’s own views’, pp 167187. In Freeman, M. & Veerman, P. (Eds.) 1992 The Ideologies of Children’s Rights, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Minow, M. (1990) Making all the Difference: Inclusion, Exclusion, and American Law, Cornell University Press Ithaca, NY. Cited in Melton, G. & Limber, S. 1992What children’s rights means to children: children’s own views’, pp 167187. In Freeman, M. & Veerman, P. (Eds.) 1992 The Ideologies of Children’s Rights, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Newell, P. (1989) Chidren are people too: The case against physical punishment, Bedford Square Press, London.Google Scholar
Newell, P. (1994) ‘Putting an end to physical punishment’, Children Australia, 19(4): 4448.Google Scholar
Pease, L. & Goddard, C. (1996) Chapters in a collective biography of sexual abuse, Australian Social Work, 49(2): 1117.Google Scholar
Power, T. & Chapieski, L. (1986) ‘Childrearing and impulse control in toddlers: A naturalistic investigation’, Developmental Psychology, 22:271275.Google Scholar
Report of the Gulbenkian Foundation Commission (1995) Calouste, Gulbenkian Foundation, London.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, M.S. & Reppucci, N.D. (1983) ‘Abusive mothers: perceptions of their own and their children’s behaviour’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51:674682.Google Scholar
Simons, R., Whitbeck, L., Conger, R. & Chyilin, W. (1991) ‘Intergenerational transmission of harsh parenting’, Developmental Psychology, 27(1): 159171.Google Scholar
Smith, M. (1995) ‘Acommunity study of physical violence to children in the home and associated variables’, Thomas Coran Research Unit, London. In: Children and Violence, Report of the Gulbenkian Foundation, London.Google Scholar
Socolar, R. & Stein, R. (1995) ‘Spanking infants and toddlers: Maternal belief and practice’, Pediatrics, 95(1): 105111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Straus, M. (1994) Beating the Devil Out of Them, Lexton Books, New York.Google Scholar
The Law Handbook (1995) Fitzroy Legal Service, Melbourne.Google Scholar
Whipple, E. & Richey, C. (1997) ‘Crossing the line from physical discipline to child abuse: How much is too much?’, Child Abuse and Neglect, 21(5): 431444.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wiggin, K.D. (1892) Children’s Rights, Houghton, Mifflin Boston. Cited in Freeman, M. 1993Laws, conventions and rights’, Children and Society, 7(1): 3748.Google Scholar
Wightman, L. (1993) Australian Attitudes to Corporal Punishment, Paper presented to Fourth Australasian Conference on Child Abuse and Neglect, Griffith University, Queensland, July, 1993, cited in Cashmore, J. & de Haas, N. 1995 Discussion Paper: Legal and Social Aspects of the Physical Punishment of Children. Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health Australia.Google Scholar
Wilczynski, A. (1995) ‘Child killing by parents: A motivational model’, Child Abuse Review, (4): 365370.Google Scholar
Wilczynski, A. (1997) ‘Prior agency contact and physical abuse in cases of child homicide’, British Journal of Social Work, 27:241253.Google Scholar
Wissow, L. (1996) ‘What clinicians want to know about teaching families new disciplinary tools?’, Pediatrics, 98(4): 815817.Google Scholar