1. Occasionally, Hong Kong magazines printed forgeries, such as articles from the Xinminzhu langchao (New Democratic Wave). Dongxifang (East and West), one of those guilty of publishing this material, exposed the forgery in its next issue.

2. See Guokai, Liu, “Why I took part in the socialist democracy movement,” in Zhongguoren (The Chinese) (12 1980), pp. 84–90.Google Scholar He Qiu's account of his participation appears in Guanchajia (The Observer), No. 36 (20 10 1980), pp. 12–15.Google Scholar Excerpts are translated in Intercontinental Press, 29 09 1980, pp. 1000–1001.Google Scholar

3. Those making up the Li Yizhe group were interviewed most extensively. See Dongxiang (Trend), Nos. 5 and 6, 02 and 03 1979Google Scholar; Zhengming (Contention), No. 26, 12 1979Google Scholar; No. 51, January 1982; Guanchajia, No. 23, 09 1979 and No. 26, 12 1979Google Scholar; Qishi niandai (The Seventies), No. 7, 07 1982.Google Scholar An interview with He Qiu appears in Zhongbao yuekan (Centre Daily News Monthly), No. 4, 05 1980.Google Scholar Periodic reports of Guangzhou's democracy movement appeared in Dongxifang, No. 18 (06 1980), pp. 8–11Google Scholar; No. 22 (October 1980), pp. 4–9; No. 25 (January 1981), pp. 7–8, 75.

4. Interview with Xizhe, Wang in Monthly Bulletin of the Chinese Democratic Movement, Vol. 1, No. 8 (11 1981), p. 12.Google Scholar

5. Hongweibing (Red Guard) (Beijing), 2 08 1967, p. 4.Google Scholar

6. In Hubei there was the Big Dipper Study Group (Beidouxing xuehui) and the Yangzi River Commentary (Yangzijiang pinglun). See interview with H.W.C., 12 May 1976.

7. Translations of articles for and against Shengwulian can be found in Mehnert, Klaus, Peking and the New Left: At Home and Abroad (Berkeley: Center for Chinese Studies, University of California, 1969), pp. 73–100 and 102–118.Google Scholar

8. For an extended account of this period, see Rosen, AAS paper, March 1982.

9. For a detailed account of the origin and development of these factions, see Rosen, Stanley, Red Guard Factionalism and the Cultural Revolution in Guangzhou (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1982).Google Scholar

10. The most detailed account of the activities of Li Zhengtian and the Li Yizhe group appears in a series of articles by Chuan, Zi, “Li Yizhe yu wo” (“Li Yizhe and I”), in Beidou (Big Dipper), Nos. 1–4, 6–7, 1977.Google Scholar Zi Chuan had been a leader of Guangzhou's Rebels during the Cultural Revolution. Much of my information in this section derives from Zi Chuan's account and my discussions with him. Another important source is Hao, Qi (ed.), Guanyu shehuizhuyidi minzhu yufa zhi (On Socialist Democracy and the Legal System) (Hong Kong: Bibliotheque Asiatique, 1976), pp. 1–44.Google Scholar For a recent comment on the views of Li Zhengtian and Wang Xizhe at this time, see Min, Wang, “‘Li Yizhe’ gei houlairendi jidian qishi” (“The inspiration ‘Li Yizhe’ provided for those who came after”), in Zhongguo zhichun (China Spring), No 2 (03 1983), pp. 24–26.Google Scholar Also see the screenplay “Wang Xishe,” by Xiao Feng, Zhongguo Zhichun, Nos. 4–9, 07 1983–01 1984.Google Scholar

11. Interview with Wang Min, 25 May 1982; Beidou, No. 4, p. 13.Google Scholar “Ghosts and monsters” meant those of bad class background.

12. Hao, Qi, On Socialist Democracy, p. 167Google Scholar; Beidou, No. 7, p. 25Google Scholar; Frolic, B. Michael, Mao's People (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), pp. 257–65Google Scholar; Sang, Wen, “Guangzhou fuyuan tuiwu junren naoshiji” (“An account of the disturbance created by Guangzhou's demobilized soldiers”), Zhonghua yuebao (China Monthly), 08 1975, pp. 31–34.Google Scholar

13. Beijing Spring, No. 2 (27 01 1979), pp. 3–5Google Scholar, translated in Joint Publications Research Service (JPRS), No. 73728, 20 June 1979, pp. 38–41.

14. Lieberthal, Kenneth, “The background in Chinese politics,” in Ellison, Herbert J. (ed.), The Sino-Soviet Conflict: A Global Perspective (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1982), pp. 20–21.Google Scholar

15. Interviews with W.M. and C.Q., both of whom participated in Guangzhou's democracy movement.

16. Interview with W.C.J., 5 August 1980, who stated that nine provincial-level cadres were implicated in the Li Yizhe case.

17. Beijing zhichun (Beijing Spring), No. 2 (27 01 1979), in JPRS, No. 73728, pp. 38–39.Google Scholar

18. Chinese Law and Government, summer 1981, pp. 53–54.Google Scholar

19. This section draws from my introduction to Chinese Law and Government, summer 1981, pp. 3–14.Google Scholar

20. Peking Review, No. 52 (29 12 1978), pp. 6–16.Google Scholar For Deng's speech on emancipating the mind, delivered at the closing session of the work conference, see Daily Report, 5 July 1983, pp. K 10–19 (Renmin ribao [People's Daily], 1 07 1983).Google Scholar

21. On the reinterpretation of this incident, see Peking Review, No. 48 (1 12 1978), pp. 6–17.Google Scholar

22. New China News Service (NCNA), 1 February 1979, in JPRS, No. 72912, 2 March 1979.

23. Their holdout was not atypical. Other individuals throughout China who had been offered rehabilitation held out for high positions, good jobs, better living conditions, a more thoroughgoing verdict reversal, and so forth. Daily Report, 23 April 1979, pp. L 6–12 (Renmin ribao, 21 04 1979).Google Scholar

24. Some of these posters are translated in Chinese Law and Government, summer 1981, pp. 15–32.Google Scholar

25. Beijing zhichun. No. 2, 27 01 1979Google Scholar, in JPRS, No. 73728, 20 June 1979, p. 41. According to a number of informants familiar with that incident, however, this claim is an exaggeration. One estimated that fewer than 10% of the participants would have read the Li Yizhe poster, primarily children of high-level cadres. Possession of the poster was treated seriously. One informant related how an acquaintance of his, whose house was searched by the public security authorities on a completely different matter in 1975, was given several months detention when a copy of the Li Yizhe poster was discovered there.

26. Guangdong qingnian (Guangdong Youth), No. 2 (02 1979), pp. 3–6. especially p. 6.Google Scholar

27. Daily Report, 15 February 1979, p. E1 (AFP, 15 February).

28. Li Yizhe Members denied that Li Zhengtian had discussed their grievances at the rally. See Dongxiang, No. 6 (03 1979), pp. 34–35.Google Scholar

29. Dongxiang, No. 7 (04 1979), p. 41.Google Scholar

30. Chen Yiyang's health had deteriorated during his ordeal and his family had suffered because of his activities. He currently works in the library of the Guangdong Academy of Social Sciences. The victory of the Party reformers over their radical opponents made Guo's further participation unnecessary.

31. See Li, 's “Take the road of scientific socialism” in Guangdong qingnian. No. 12 (12 1979), pp. 7–9Google Scholar, and the interview in Zhongbao yuekan, No. 2 (03 1980), p. 31.Google Scholar Also see Guanchajia, No. 26 (12 1979), pp. 8–11Google Scholar, translated in Chinese Law and Government, summer 1981, pp. 106–115Google Scholar, and Zhengming, No. 82 (08 1984). pp. 30–33.Google Scholar

32. Interview with Wang Min and “‘Li Yizhe’ gei houlairende,” p. 25.Google Scholar

33. Four of Wang's essays, an appeal for the release of Liu Qing – arrested for selling transcripts of Wei Jingsheng's trial – plus comments made by Wang and others at a Guangdong Provincial Youth League forum, and a response by Wang to an article misquoting him at that forum, all appear in Wang Xizhe lunwenji (A Collection of Wang Xizhe's Essays) (Hong Kong: Qishi niandai zazhishe, 1981).Google Scholar The four essays are “Strive for the class dictatorship of the proletariat” and “Mao Zedong and the Cultural Revolution,” both translated in Chan, Anita, Rosen, Stanley and Unger, Jonathan, Socialist Democracy and the Chinese Legal System: The Li Yizhe Debates (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1985)Google Scholar; “The orientation of democracy”; and “Proletarian dictatorship is a humanitarian dictatorship,” translated in abridged form in Siu, Helen F. and Stern, Zelda, Mao's Harvest (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), pp. 210–19.Google Scholar All of this material originally appeared in Qishi niandai. Another of Wang's essays is “Party leadership and mass supervision,” reprinted in Zhanwang (Outlook), No. 434 (1 03 1980), pp. 11–14.Google Scholar A number of these essays first appeared in Renmin zhisheng (The People's Voice), and Renmin zhilu (The People's Road), the two major unofficial publications in Guangzhou.

34. Zhongbao yuekan. No. 2 (03 1980), p. 31.Google Scholar

35. Ibid. This speech was published, without Li's approval, in Guanchajia, No. 34 (20 08 1980), pp. 15–17.Google Scholar

36. See the interview with Xizhe, Wang in New Left Review, No. 131 (01–02 1982), pp. 62–70Google Scholar. The complete text of the interview, conducted by Huaixue, Wang in Guangzhou, on 26 12 1980Google Scholar, appears in Qishi niandai, 07 1982, pp. 34–38Google Scholar. A translation is in JPRS, No. 81700 (3 09 1982), pp. 86–97.Google Scholar

37. Wang, 's comments can be found in Chinese Law and Government, summer 1981, p. 83Google Scholar. Li, 's response is in Chinese Law and Government, summer 1981, pp. 111–13.Google Scholar

38. For Li, 's statements, see Zhengming, No. 26 (12 1979)Google Scholar, translated in Chinese Law and Government, summer 1981, pp. 116–21Google Scholar; Liu, 's letter is in Dongxifang, No. 13 (01 1980), p. 88.Google Scholar

39. Dongxifang, No. 18 (06 1980), p. 9Google Scholar. In fact, Li at present is much in demand as a lecturer on his speciality: painting nudes. He has no financial problems, is respected, and has an easy conscience. See Qishi niandai, 04 1982, p. 6.Google Scholar

40. All of Guangzhou's activists would fit into the category Brodsgaard calls the “socialist democrats,” as distinct from the “abolitionists” represented by Wei Jingsheng, the Enlightenment Society and the Human Rights League. The Guangzhou case would also fit Brodsgaard's argument that socialist democrats had been Rebels (he uses the term radicals) in the Cultural Revolution while the abolitionists had been Conservatives (he uses the term moderates). Guangzhou's most important activists had all been Rebels. See Brodsgaard, Kjeld Erik, “The democracy movement in China, 1978–1979: opposition movements, wall poster campaigns, and underground journals,” Asian Survey, 07 1981, pp. 742–74.Google Scholar

41. See Yi, Li, “Why is it that Wang Xizhe's articles arouse sympathy?”, in Qishi niandai, 07 1981, pp. 30–32Google Scholar. Also see the Xizhe, Wang interview in Monthly Bulletin of the Chinese Democratic Movement, Vol. 1, No. 8 (11 1981), p. 7Google Scholar and Beijing qiushi (Autumn Fruits in Beijing), No. 1 (03 1979), pp. 11–12Google Scholar, translated in JPRS, No. 74532 (7 11 1979). pp. 32–34.Google Scholar

42. See Weilai (Future), No. 1, 12 1978Google Scholar; Renmin zhisheng lichangshu (Standpoint of the People's Voice) in Guonei minkan xuanji (Selections from Internal People's Publications), No. 1 (17 01 1980), pp. 8–13Google Scholar. A summary of Renmin zhisheng's first issue appears in Feiqing yuebao (Bandit Intelligence Monthly), 15 12 1980, pp. 60–61.Google Scholar

43. Dongxiang, No. 7 (04 1979), pp. 9–11Google Scholar has details of this forum.

44. Chinese Law and Government, summer 1981, pp. 84–105.Google Scholar

45. Chinese Law and Government, summer 1981, pp. 77–83.Google Scholar

46. Dongxiang, No. 7 (04 1979), p. 11.Google Scholar

47. Li, 's talk, “Unlawful law and crimeless crime,” is in Guanchajia, No. 34 (08 1980), pp. 15–17Google Scholar; Wang, 's talk, “Party leadership and mass supervision,” is in Zhanwang, No. 434 (1 03 1980), pp. 11–14.Google Scholar

48. Xizhe, Wang interview, Chinese Law and Government, summer 1981, p. 81.Google Scholar

49. The 30 March speech, “Uphold the Four Cardinal Principles,” appears in Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping (1975–82) (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1984), pp. 166–91.Google Scholar

50. Renmin ribao, 5 04 1979Google Scholar in Inside China Mainland, 07 1979. p. 14.Google Scholar

51. Wang, interview, Chinese Law and Government, pp. 78–83.Google Scholar

52. Ibid. p. 78.

53. These editorials are translated in JPRS, No. 73857 (18 07 1979), pp. 6–23Google Scholar. It is interesting that a number of passages in the editorial quoted have very similar wording to Xizhe, Wang's speech “Strive for the class dictatorship of the proletariat.”Google Scholar A draft of the speech was delivered, as we have seen, on 1 April, at the forum organized by Future, and was subsequently criticized by Xi Zhongxun. The speech, with wording similar to the 1 June Nanfang ribao (Southern Daily) editorial, was not published until 07 1979Google Scholar in Renmin zhisheng. It is clear that the draft had been revised to conform more with editorials in the official press. In fact, Wang specifically quotes a passage from the 5 April Renmin ribao editorial. Chinese Law and Government, summer 1981, pp. 102–103Google Scholar. Xi Zhongxun's views at this time can be found in his talks with youths, in Guangdong qingnian, No. 5–6 (05–06 1979), pp. 3–7.Google Scholar

54. Renmin zhisheng, No. 8 (07 1979), p. 12.Google Scholar

55. Renmin zhisheng. No. 7 (06 1979), pp. 9–11Google Scholar. The interpretation of the Four Basic Principles as necessary to correct “rightist deviations” was widespread among cadres in Guangzhou. See Nanfang ribao, 31 05 1979Google Scholar, in JPRS, No. 74061 (23 08 1979), pp. 9–14.Google Scholar

56. He describes these attempts in Zhongbao (Centre Daily News), No. 4 (05 1980), p. 18Google Scholar. Liu Guokai, more concerned with getting his ideas to a wider audience, published his “Democracy means rule by the majority,” in Guangdong qingnian, No. 8 (09 1979), pp. 7–8.Google Scholar

57. A copy of the “Temporary methods for periodical registration” (“Qikan dengji zhanxing banfa”) issued in 1952 is in Zhongyang renmin zhengfu faling huibian (Compendium of Central People's Government Laws and Decrees: 1952) (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1954), pp. 206–207Google Scholar (in Chinese). Also see the “Temporary regulations for publishing, printing and distributing books and periodicals” (“Guanli shukan chubanye yinshuaye, faxingye zhanxing tiaoli”), pp. 203–205Google Scholar, above source.

58. Guanchajia, No. 31 (16 05 1980), p. 15Google Scholar and Dongxifang, No. 16 (04 1980), pp. 41–42.Google Scholar

59. The response from The People's Road is in Monthly Bulletin of the Chinese Democratic Movement, 08 1981, p. 5Google Scholar and Zhongbao, No 4 (1980), p. 18Google Scholar. The attempts of the editor of Jintian (Today), a literary magazine in Beijing, to acquire official registration are described by Linda and Jay Mathews. First he went to the municipal registration bureau which agreed that they register publications, but only after the contents had been approved by the culture bureau. The culture bureau could not help him because they only approve the contents of publications that are already registered.

60. Beijing Review, No. 49 (7 12 1979), pp. 3–4Google Scholar and No. 50 (14 December 1979), pp. 6–7.

61. Zhongguoren, 05 1980, pp. 34–35Google Scholar and Dongxifang, No. 15 (03 1980), pp. 19–20Google Scholar (JPRS, No. 75237 [3 03 1980], pp. 23–25)Google Scholar. For Wenli, Xu's comments in Le Monde, 6 02 1980, p. 8Google Scholar, see JPRS, No. 75255 (5 03 1980), pp. 7–11.Google Scholar

62. Guokai, Liu, “The ten years were certainly not a total disaster,” Xueyou tongxun (Study Bulletin), 1980.Google Scholar

63. Zhengming, No. 29 (1 03 1980) pp. 11–23Google Scholar and Daily Report Supplement, 11 03 1980, pp. 1–27Google Scholar. It is now officially available in Deng's Selected works, pp. 224–58.Google Scholar

64. Renmin ribao, 21 02 1980.Google Scholar

65. Renmin zhilu, message to readers, 13 02 1980Google Scholar. At the same time, the editorial board apologized that the publication would temporarily appear on an irregular basis.

66. Ibid. 16 February 1980.

67. Ibid. No. 4 (April 1980), pp. 33–36.

68. Daily Report, 8 09, pp. L 20–23Google Scholar; 9 September, pp. L 11–12; 10 September, p. L 30; 11 September, p. L 5, all 1980 (NCNA). Beijing Review, 6 10 1980, pp. 22–28.Google Scholar

69. Dagong bao (Impartial Daily), 19 02 1980, p. 2.Google Scholar

70. Nanfang ribao, 4 04 1980, p. 1Google Scholar (JPRS, No. 75872, 13 06 1980, pp. 21–26).Google Scholar

71. Beijing Review, 10 03 1980, pp. 7–12Google Scholar. Deng's comments on the four greats is in his 29 February 1980 speech at the Fifth Plenum. See Daily Report, 15 07 1983, pp. K 8–15Google Scholar (Hebei ribao [Hebei Daily], 3 07).Google Scholar

72. Qishi niandai, 06 1980, pp. 54–56Google Scholar (JPRS, No. 75962 [30 06 1980], pp. 131–35).Google Scholar

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74. Zhongbao, 1 06 1980, p. 1Google Scholar; Zhongbao yuekan. No. 6 (07 1980), p. 105.Google Scholar

75. Dagong bao, 4 06 1980, p. 2.Google Scholar

76. Zhongbao yuekan, No. 6 (07 1980), pp. 105–106.Google Scholar

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78. Monthly Bulletin of the Chinese Democratic Movement, Vol. 1, No. 7 (08 1981), pp. 4–5 (Chinese edition).Google Scholar

79. See, for example, the brief record of the 1 October 1980 forum in Renmin zhilu, No. 7 (ca. 11 1980), p. 17Google Scholar. Li Min, the editor of Langhua, gave a speech on the failure of socialist systems throughout the world, including Yugoslavia, a country for which Wang had a particularly high regard. In disputing Wang's notions of Yugoslavia, he cited the critique published in Hong Kong of Wang's analysis of that country. Wang, 's “Strive for the class dictatorship of the proletariat”Google Scholar – in which he praised Yugoslavia – was critiqued in Zhongguoren, 02 1980, pp. 31–36Google Scholar; Wang, 's “Mao Zedong and the Cultural Revolution”Google Scholar was critiqued in Qishi niandai, 04 1981, pp. 18–28.Google Scholar

80. Qiu, He interview in Monthly Bulletin of the Chinese Democratic Movement, 08 1981, pp. 4–5.Google Scholar

81. Daily Report, 21 05 1980, p. L 16Google Scholar (AFP, 20 05)Google Scholar. Liu Qing, a former member of the April 5 Forum still in prison, has written an account of his participation in the democracy movement. See Chinese Sociology and Anthropology, fall—winter 1982–1983Google Scholar

8. See the 16 July 1980 proposal for a publications law and the retention of the four greats signed by fifteen people's publications in Renmin zhilu, No. 6 (08 1980), pp. 1–3.Google Scholar

8. This paragraph is based on the 8 June 1982 court judgment against Xu Wnli, the editor of Beijing's April Fifth Forum. See SPEA Rhead, No. 16 (northern winter 1982–1983), pp. 26–27 for this judgment.Google Scholar

84. Monthly Bulletin of the Chinese Democratic Movement, 06 1981, p. 11Google Scholar; Daily Report (4 08 1980), pp. 2–3Google Scholar (AFP, 4 08).Google Scholar

85. See the 31 August communiqué on the establishment of the committee (mimeo, in Chinese).

86. Qishi niandai, 10 1980, pp. 19–21.Google Scholar

87. Zhongbao, 5 and 6 09 (1980), p. 1Google Scholar; Intercontinental Press, 29 09 1980, p. 1000Google Scholar; Daily Report, 10 09 1980, pp. L 32–33Google Scholar (AFP, 10 09).Google Scholar

88. Intercontinental Press, 13 10 1980, p. 1045Google Scholar, reported Qiu, He was released on 16 09Google Scholar; Monthly Bulletin of the Chinese Democratic Movement, 06 1981. pp. 11–12Google Scholar reported He Qiu was detained for 20 days, and was arrested again on 19 September for three days for putting up a poster advertising the journal Zeren (Duty). In fact, after his second arrest, He Qiu had still not been released by 23 September. When an Austrian reporter arrived that evening to interview him, another member of Renmin zhilu's editorial board was substituted. Renmin zhilu, No. 7 (ca. 11 1980), pp. 13–15.Google Scholar

89. Monthly Bulletin of the Chinese Democratic Movement, 06 1981, p. 12Google Scholar; Daily Report, 29 09 1980, pp. L 4–5Google Scholar (AFP, 26 09).Google Scholar

90. Zeren, No. 1 (15 09 1980), pp. 3–6Google Scholar; Monthly Bulletin of the Chinese Democratic Movement, 07 1981, pp. 14–15 (English).Google Scholar

91. For example, see the National Association's “Open letter to the NPC” of 21 09 1980Google Scholar in Monthly Bulletin of the Chinese Democratic Movement, 07 1981, p. 16Google Scholar. He Qiu's application to the propaganda department of the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee to register Ziyoutan (Free Exchange) is translated in Monthly Bulletin of the Chinese Democratic Movement, 05 1981, pp. 7–8Google Scholar. The application was delivered on 12 January 1981, but was not accepted. It was eventually sent by registered mail. Twenty-two “citizens” at Beijing University prepared a draft publication law on 10 December 1980 and sought to collect signatures to support their proposal. See ibid. February 1981, pp. 1–2 and Zhonghua renmin gongheguo chuban yinshua faxingfa (Publication, Printing and Distribution Law of the People's Republic of China), 10 12 1980 (mimeo)Google Scholar; it has been reprinted in Qishi niandai, 03 1981, pp. 81–82.Google Scholar

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93. Deng's speech led to an avalanche of articles refuting the idea of a “bureaucratic class” in China. See, inter alia, Zhongguo qingnian bao (China Youth Daily) 7 02 1981, p. 3Google Scholar; Daily Report, 10 02 1981, pp. L 1–3Google Scholar (NCNA, 9 02)Google Scholar; Daily Report, 31 03 1981, pp. L 1–8Google Scholar (Hongqi [Red Flag], 1 03).Google Scholar

94. Resolution on Party History 1949–81 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1981).Google Scholar

95. Report, Daily, 15 12 1981, pp. K 5–31Google Scholar (Hongqi, 1 12).Google Scholar

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97. Daily Report, 9 02, 1981, pp. L 5–8Google Scholar (Renmin ribao, 8 02).Google Scholar

98. This directive in translated in Issues and Studies, 11 1983, pp. 103–110.Google Scholar

99. Daily Report, 22 01 1981, pp. U 8–9Google Scholar (Kong, HongWenhui bao, 18 01)Google Scholar; JPRS, No. 77573, 12 03 1981, p. 31Google Scholar (Wenhui bao, 26 02).Google Scholar

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102. Qishi niandai, 02 1982, p. 89Google Scholar; Daily Report, 27 03 1981, pp. L 11–12Google Scholar (AFP, 26 03)Google Scholar; Daily Report, 16 04 1981, p. K 3Google Scholar (AFP, 5 04)Google Scholar; Daily Report, 6 04 1981, pp. K 3–5Google Scholar (Zhongguo qingnian bao, 4 04).Google Scholar

103. Daily Report, 22 04 1981, p. K 2Google Scholar (AFP, 21 04).Google Scholar

104. Daily Report, 1 06 1981, pp. P1–5Google Scholar (Nanfang ribao, 15 05)Google Scholar; Daily Report, 11 05 1981, p. K2Google Scholar (AFP, 10 05)Google Scholar; Daily Report, 12 05, 1981, p. K 1Google Scholar (AFP, 11 05).Google Scholar

105. Monthly Bulletin of the Chinese Democratic Movement, Vol. 2, No. 2 (11 1982), p. 3.Google Scholar

106. Ibid.; Intercontinental Press, 28 06 1982, p. 561.Google Scholar

107. On Hunan, see Daily Report, 16 08 1983, pp. P4–6Google Scholar (Radio Changsha, 13 08)Google Scholar; on Guangxi, see Zhengming, No. 70 (08 1983), pp. 12–15.Google Scholar

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109. For a report on the 1979 ban on these magazines see JPRS, No. 73903, 25 07 1979Google Scholar (Qishi niandai, 07 1979)Google Scholar; for the more complete 1981 ban, see Daily Report, 16 04 1981, p. W10Google Scholar (South China Morning Post, 13 04)Google Scholar. For detailed accounts of the growing problems of these magazines in maintaining access to China, see Daily Report, 29 09 1981, pp. W 1–6Google Scholar (Jingbao [The Mirror], 09 1981)Google Scholar and Baixing (Hundred Names), 16 08 1981, pp. 3–7.Google Scholar

110. Freedom at Issue, No. 63 (11–12 1981), p. 24Google Scholar (Zhengming, 06 1981).Google Scholar

111. Ibid.

112. SPEARhead, No. 16 (1982–1983), pp. 26–27.Google Scholar

113. This latter assessment of Deng's motives is adopted by Edward Friedman. For an essay which places Wang Xizhe on a continuum with Party democrats, see his “The societal obstacle to China's socialist transition: state capitalism or feudal fascism,” in Nee, Victor and Mozingo, David, State and Society in Contemporary China (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983), pp. 148–71.Google Scholar