Hostname: page-component-5d84bcc8dc-zkbfq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-08-18T09:18:44.482Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Clays in Cosmetics and Personal-Care Products

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

César Viseras ,
Rita Sánchez-Espejo ,
Rosanna Palumbo ,
Ninfa Liccardi ,
Fátima García-Villén ,
Ana Borrego-Sánchez ,
Marina Massaro ,
Serena Riela  and
Alberto López-Galindo
César Viseras*
Affiliation:
Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 s/n, Granada, Spain Andalusian Institute of Earth Sciences, CSIC-University of Granada, Avenida de Las Palmeras 4, 18100, Armilla, Granada, Spain
Rita Sánchez-Espejo
Affiliation:
Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 s/n, Granada, Spain
Rosanna Palumbo
Affiliation:
Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 s/n, Granada, Spain
Ninfa Liccardi
Affiliation:
Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 s/n, Granada, Spain
Fátima García-Villén
Affiliation:
Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 s/n, Granada, Spain
Ana Borrego-Sánchez
Affiliation:
Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 s/n, Granada, Spain
Marina Massaro
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
Serena Riela
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
Alberto López-Galindo
Affiliation:
Andalusian Institute of Earth Sciences, CSIC-University of Granada, Avenida de Las Palmeras 4, 18100, Armilla, Granada, Spain
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: cviseras@ugr.es
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Clays are used in various cosmetic formulations, such as sunscreens, toothpastes, deodorants, creams, hair cosmetics, makeups, nail polish, facial masks, and shampoos, among others, to improve the organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics, to increase the stability, or to facilitate elaboration. Together with their technological functionalities, clays are cosmetologically active ingredients with cleaning, anti-aging, anti-wrinkling, and sun-care functionalities. Talc, kaolinite, mica, and some smectites are the clay minerals used most frequently in cosmetic products, but several other phyllosilicates as well as modified and synthetic clays are also used. Sometimes, clays are useful in the design of cosmetics just because they are made of rigid, small, and anisometric particles. Kaolinite and mica are made of hard prismatic particles which are lightly abrasive over the skin, teeth, or hair. Electric charges in smectites result in ion-exchange capacities useful in the loading of active cosmetics but also adsorbing and cleaning waste substances. Intermediate net negative charges of smectites result in layer expansion in polar media and specific rheological properties that are very useful in cosmetic formulations. The absence of charged particles in talc and kaolin make them flow easily resulting in lubricant effects. Protection against radiation from the sun by clay particles and decorative effects complete the possibilities of clays in cosmetics. The nomenclature for clays used as ingredients in cosmetics follows historical use and the names of commercial products, rather than following strict compositional principles. In this sense, an effort was made here to correlate the names of the minerals that make up each of the clay-based cosmetic ingredients.

Keywords

Clays and clay mineralsCosmeticsCosmetological functionsINCI namesPhyllosilicatesTrade names

Information

Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 69 , Issue 5: Clay Minerals in Health Applications , October 2021 , pp. 561 - 575
Copyright
Copyright © The Clay Minerals Society 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

Footnotes

This paper belongs to a special issue on ‘Clay Minerals in Health Applications’

References

Abend, S., & Lagaly, G. (2001). Bentonite and double hydroxides as emulsifying agents. Clay Minerals, 36(4), 557–570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abbink, J. (2009). Suri images: the return of exoticism and the commodification of an Ethiopian “Tribe”. Cahiers d'Études africaines, 196, 893–924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abiko, M., Nagahama, H. & Ohta, S.-i. (2011). Organic-coated synthetic mica powder, production method thereof, and cosmetics using the same. (US Patent No. 2011038907A1). The United States Patent and Trademark Office.Google Scholar
Albrecht, H., & Stelzer, R. (2003). Aqueous cosmetic composition useful as a shaving or cleansing agent contains fatty acids or salts, emulsifiers, complexers, waxes and talc. (Patent No. DE0221812A1). Danish Patent and Trademark Office.Google Scholar
Alexander, P. (1973). Harry's Cosmeticology. The Principles and Practice of Modern Cosmetics (Vol. I, 6th Ed.). R. G. Harry (Ed.), Leonard Hill Books.Google Scholar
Ando, A. & Kosugi, T. (1989). Synthetic Mica Powder, Process for its Production, and Cosmetics Containing said Synthetic Mica Powder. (Patent No. EP0300047A1 (A4, B1)). European Patent Office.Google Scholar
Ando, A., Higuchi, S., Inokubo, T., & Suzuki, T. (2006). Surfacetreated, non-swelling synthetic mica powdery material, method for producing the same and cosmetic blended with the powdery material. (Patent No. JP2006036981A). Japan Patent Office.Google Scholar
Ang, S.H., Jeong, S.K., Kim, G.H., Kim, M.H., Kim, S.N., Lee, B.Z., Lee, C.S., Lee, S.W., Lee, Z.C., Park, M.Y., Park, Y.H., & Song, Y.G. (2014). Illite complex powders for UV protecting cosmetic compositions and its preparation method. (Patent No. 101356741B1(A)). Korean Intellectual Property Office.Google Scholar
Arseguel, D., Balard, H., & Clauss, F. (2000). Attaching quinone or indole compounds to talc, useful e.g. as ultra-violet absorbers in cosmetics, by reductive solubilization, application to talc and reoxidation. (Patent No. FR2792322A1). French Patent Office.Google Scholar
Asthana, N., Pal, K., Aljabali, A. A. A., Tambuwala, M. M., Gomes de Souza, F., & Pandey, K. (2021). Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) mixed green-clay and aloe vera based polymeric membrane optimization: Peel-off mask formulation for skin care cosmeceuticals in green nanotechnology. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1229, 129592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atamaniuk, Y.V. (2006). Use of natural sorbent vermiculite as cosmetic means. (UA Patent No. 15491U).Google Scholar
Babin, M., & Stramski, D. (2004). Variations in the mass-specific absorption coefficient of mineral particles suspended in water. Limnology and Oceanography, 49(3), 756–767.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bae, K.B., Choi, B.H., Jang, Y.J., Kim, D.Y., & Lee, E.J. (2021). Cosmetic composition for preventing or improving skin anti-aging containing bentonite extract for increasing telomerase activity. (KR Patent No. 102228930B1). Korean Intellectual Property Office.Google Scholar
Bajan, D., Ogawa, K., Ono, K., & Sakurai, T. (2002). Light responsive high colour rendering cosmetics for make-up containing photochromic mica-titanium and photochromic titanium oxide with changing brightness by light. (Patent No. TW513308B). Taiwan Intellectual Property Office.Google Scholar
Baschieri, A., Amorati, R., Benelli, T., Mazzocchetti, L., D'Angelo, E., & Valgimigli, L. (2019). Enhanced antioxidant activity under biomimetic settings of ascorbic acid included in halloysite nanotubes. Antioxidants, 8(2), 30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bazbouz, M. B., & Russell, S. J. (2018). Cellulose acetate/sodiumactivated natural bentonite clay nanofibres produced by free surface electrospinning. Journal of Materials Science, 53, 10891–10909.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beringhs, A. O., Rosa, J. M., Stulzer, H. K., Budal, R. M., & Sonaglio, D. (2013). Green clay and Aloe Vera peel-off facial masks: Response surface methodology applied to the formulation design. AAPS PharmSciTech, 14, 445–455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braunagel, A., Golz, K., Stanzl, K., & Zastrow, L. (1997). Cosmetic kaolin-containing preparation. (Patent No. EP0799021A1 (B1)). European Patent Office.Google Scholar
Calello, J.F., Pagano, F.C., Patil, A.A., & Sandewicz, R.W. (2006). Cosmetic compositions with montmorillonite stabilizing agent. (Patent No. US2006078578A1). The United States Patent and Trademark Office.Google Scholar
Cao, G., Deng, Y., Feng, R., Liao, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, Q., & Zhang, Z. (2020). Application of organic surface-modified attapulgite emulsion in preparation of traditional Chinese medicine cosmetic. (CN Patent No. 111467250A). China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) Trademark Office.Google Scholar
Carretero, M. I. (2002). Clay minerals and their beneficial effects upon human health. A review. Applied Clay Science, 21(3–4), 155–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carretero, M. I. (2020a). Clays in pelotherapy. A review. Part I: Mineralogy, chemistry, physical and physicochemical properties. Applied Clay Science, 189, 105526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carretero, M. I. (2020b). Clays in pelotherapy. A review. Part II: Organic compounds, microbiology and medical applications. Applied Clay Science, 189, 105531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carretero, M. I., & Pozo, M. (2009). Clay and non-clay minerals in the pharmaceutical industry. Part I. Excipients and medical applications. Applied Clay Science, 46(1), 73–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carretero, M. I., & Pozo, M. (2010). Clay and non-clay minerals in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries Part II. Active ingredients. Applied Clay Science, 47(3–4), 171–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, H.M. (1940). Fingernail cleaning composition. (Patent No. US2197630). The United States Patent and Trademark Office.Google Scholar
Cavalcanti, R., Brasileiro, C., Macedo, R. O., & Ferreira, H. S. (2018). Mineral make up developed from natural and organophilic bentonite clays. Ceramica, 64, 266–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavallaro, G., Milioto, S., Konnova, S., Fakhrullina, G., Akhatova, F., Lazzara, G., Fakhrullin, R., & Lvov, Y. (2020). Halloysite/Keratin nanocomposite for human hair photoprotection coating. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 12, 24348–24362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chae, Y.B. & Kim, Y.H. (2012). Solid powdery cosmetic composition comprising pyrophyllite and manufacturing method thereof. (Patent No. 101280420B1). Korean Intellectual Property Office.Google Scholar
Chakraborty, S., Anoop, V., George, N., Bhagyasree, T., & Mary, N. L. (2019). Physicochemical stability evaluation of cosmetic formulations of PVA, starch and MMT clay nanocomposites. SN Applied Sciences, 1, 581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cho, S.W., Ju, M.E., & Kil, D.S. (2013). Hybrid powder of halloysite nanotube-light scattering nanoparticles, preparation method thereof, and UV screening cosmetic composition containing same as active ingredient. (Patent WO2013047915A1). International Patent System, Patent Cooperation Treaty (PTC).Google Scholar
Cho, H.D., Kim, J.G., Kim, S.C., Moon, Y.J., & Park, S.Y. (2016). Composite pigments of mica coated by titanium dioxide and method manufacturing thereof and cosmetic compositions containing the same. (Patent No. KR101690143B1). Korean Intellectual Property Office.Google Scholar
Choi, W.S. (2017). Cream cosmetic of covering tattoo using camellia oil coated red mica powder and method for manufacturing of the same. (Patent No. KR101768426B1). Korean Intellectual Property Office.Google Scholar
Choi, J.W., Choi, Y.J., & Park, S.J. (2012). Composite powder of titanium dioxide and mica, and makeup cosmetic composition containing same. (Patent No. WO2012026711A2 (A3)). International Patent System, Patent Cooperation Treaty (PTC).Google Scholar
Choi, Y.M., Hyun, S.S., Kim, D.M., & Yoon, J.H. (2013). A pressed cosmetic powder composition comprising starch and kaolin. (Patent No. KR101416053B1). Korean Intellectual Property Office.Google Scholar
CosIng (2021). European Commission database for information on cosmetic substances and ingredients. Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship. European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/cosmetics/cosing/Google Scholar
Cosmetic Europe (2019). Cosmetic Europe-the personal care association. Cosmetics and personal care industry overview. https://cosmeticseurope.eu/cosmetics-industry/.Google Scholar
Council Directive 76/768/EEC. (2009). The approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to cosmetic products. Annex I. European Parliament, Council of the European Union. https://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1976L0768:20100301:en:PDF.Google Scholar
Coutelle, H., Dussert, A.S., & Gooris, E. (1998). New cosmetic composition comprising micronised cyclodextrin and mica. (Patent No. KR2756487A1 (B1)). Korean Intellectual Property Office.Google Scholar
Debacker, M., Dick, D.L., Ganguly, S., Karrick, M.L., Nicolas, S.R.J., Pharo, J.L., & Staveley, R. (2005). Cosmetic compositions containing nacreous pigments of large sized synthetic mica. (Patent No. CA2552197A1). Canadian Intellectual Property Office.Google Scholar
Del Hoyo, C., Vicente, M. A., & Rives, V. (2001). Preparation of drugmontmorillonite UV-radiation protection compounds by gas-solid adsorption. Clay and Clay Minerals, 36, 541–546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deleo, N.C., Howell, A.L., Patel, S., Rubinson, E.H., & Stagg, A.M. (2015) Laponite clay in cosmetic and personal care products. (Patent No. US2015335543A1). The United States Patent and Trademark Office.Google Scholar
Delostal, C. & Seneca, D. (2019). Aqueous cosmetic composition comprising a chemical oxidizing agent, a fixing polymer and montmorillonite. (Patent No. WO2019034573A1). World Intellectual Property Organization PatentGoogle Scholar
Do, H.H. (2013). Cosmetic composition containing illite and manufacturing method. (Patent No. KR101332268B1). Korean Intellectual Property Office.Google Scholar
Do, H.H. (2021). Cosmetic composition comprising artichoke leaf and illite as an active ingredient and a method of manufacturing the same. (Patent No. KR20210045115A). Korean Intellectual Property Office.Google Scholar
Doring, T. (2017). Deodorizing active ingredient combination. (Patent 2555505A (B)).Google Scholar
Dumousseaux, C. (2011). Powdered anhydrous composition, useful for makeup and/or care of keratin material e.g. skin, comprises solid ground cosmetic active agent e.g. moisturizing agent, effervescent system and mineral filler e.g. talc. (Patent FR2958156A1 (B1)).Google Scholar
European Medicines Agency (EMA): Science, Medicines, Health (2021). European Union. https://www.ema.europa.eu/.Google Scholar
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (2020). Warning Letters Address Drug Claims Made for Products Marketed as Cosmetics. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. United States Government https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/warning-letters-related-cosmetics/warning-letters-address-drug-claims-made-products-marketed-cosmetics.Google Scholar
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (2021). Food and Drug Administration. (As Amended Through P.L.), 117–11.Google Scholar
Food and Drug Administration (2020). Cosmetics Safety Q&A: Personal Care Products. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/resources-consumers-cosmetics/cosmetics-safety-qa-personal-care-products.Google Scholar
Food and Drug Administration (2021). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.fda.gov/.Google Scholar
Franco, J. G., Ataide, J. A., Ferreira, A. H. P., & Mazzola, P. G. (2020). Lamellar compounds intercalated with anions with solar protection function: A review. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 59, 101869.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gabriel, D. M. (1973). Vanishing and foundations creams. In Harry's Cosmeticology. The Principles and Practice of Modern Cosmetics (p. 83). Leonard Hill Books.Google Scholar
Gamoudi, S., & Srara, E. (2018). Green synthesis and characterization of colored Tunisian clays: cosmetic applications. Applied Clay Science, 165, 17–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghadiri, M., Chrzanowski, W., Lee, W. H., & Rohanizadeh, R. (2014). Layered silicate clay functionalized with amino acids: wound healing application. RSC Advances, 4(67), 35332–35343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomes, C., Carretero, M. I., Pozo, M., Rautureau, M., & Delgado, R. (2013). Peloids and pelotherapy: Historical evolution, classification and glossary. Applied Clay Science, 75–76, 28–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grigale- Soročina, Z., & Birks, I. (2019). Hectorite andbentonite effect on water-based polymer coating rheology. Comptes Rendus Chimie, 22, 169–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grigale-Soročina, Z., Ingmārs, B., & Kalnins, M. (2017). Processing Technology Development for Organic Clay Suspension System. Solid State Phenomena, 267, 109–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guggenheim, S., Adams, J. M., Bain, D. C., Bergaya, F., Brigatti, M. F., Drits, V. A., Formoso, M. L. L., Galán, E., Kogure, T., & Stanjeh, H. (2006). Summary of recommendations of Nomenclature Committees relevant to clay mineralogy: Report of the association Internationale pour l'Etude des Argiles (AIPEA) Nomenclature Committee for 2006. Clays and Clay Minerals, 54, 761–772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, A. R., Roberts, M., Hutcheon, G. A., & Gaskell, E. E. (2019). Formulation and antibacterial properties of clay mineraltetracycline and -doxycycline composites. Applied Clay Science, 179, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Han, Y.S., Moon, J.W., Na, Y.H., & Park, S.M. (2008). L-argininsynthetic mica composite and method for production of the same, and pulverous cosmetics for moisturization comprising L-argininsynthetic mica composite. (Patent No. KR100869129B1 (A)). Korean Intellectual Property Office.Google Scholar
Hechavarria, C. (1994). Cosmetic powder containing talc and mica. (Patent No. NZ248534A). Intellectual Property Office of New Zealand.Google Scholar
Hoang-Minh, T., Le, T. L., Kasbohm, J., & Gieré, R. (2010). UV-protection characteristics of some clays. Applied Clay Science, 48, 349–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howell, A. L., Lull, M. A., & Novack, C. D. (2015). Laponite clay in cosmetic and personal care products. (Patent No. US2015335544A1 (B2)). The United States Patent and Trademark Office.Google Scholar
Huang, L. (2020). Moisturizing cosmetic, moisturizing mask and modified attapulgite. (CN Patent No. 111700813A). China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) Trademark Office.Google Scholar
Hyun, S.S., Kim, D.M., Lee, U.Y., & Yun, P. (2013). Color tone cosmetic composition comprising coated illite. (Patent No. KR20130068118A). Korean Intellectual Property Office.Google Scholar
Iida, M. & Nishimura, H. (1998). Modified talc and cosmetic. JP (Patent No. JPH10114514A). Japan Patent Office.Google Scholar
Ijiri, H., Sato, K., Suzuki, M., & Hasegawa, Y. (2015). Composition for cosmetics having UV shielding effect and sebum solidifying ability, and cosmetic preparations. (Patent No. US9114266). The United States Patent and Trademark Office.Google Scholar
Ikeda, M., Kawai, M., Tanimoto, N., Yamada, H., Yasuki, T., & Yoneyama, Y. (1986). Production of non-pearlescentmica/titanium pigment and make-up cosmetic prepared by blending the same. (Patent No. JP2559037B2 (A)). Japan Patent Office.Google Scholar
Ishikawa, T. & Kuratani, M. (2000). Synthetic mica powder, its production and cosmetic containing this powder. (Patent No. JP2000247629A (B2)). Japan Patent Office.Google Scholar
Kaida, T., Murui, Y., Osawa, Y., & Suzuki, F. (2004). Interference-color flaky talc and cosmetic prepared by compounding it. (Patent No. JP2004339185A). Japan Patent Office.Google Scholar
Kang, S.K., Park, C.S., Park, M.W., & Yun, H.S. (2004). Cosmetic composition comprising talc and butane for moisturizing and refreshing. (Patent No. KR100602144B1 (A)). Korean Intellectual Property Office.Google Scholar
Khiari, I., Mefteh, S., Sánchez-Espejo, R., Cerezo, P., Aguzzi, C., López-Galindo, A., Jamoussi, F., & Viseras Iborra, C. (2014). Study of traditional Tunisian medina clays used in therapeutic and cosmetic mud-packs. Applied Clay Science, 101, 141–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Y.G. (2007). The cosmetics materials which uses the kaoline and manufacturing method of skin beauty care kaolin-powder pack, kaolin-powder mask pack. (Patent No. KR20070083251A). Korean Intellectual Property Office.Google Scholar
Kim, Y.S. (2009). Pore-minimizing cosmetic composition containing kaolin. (Patent No. KR100890712B1). Korean Intellectual Property OfficeGoogle Scholar
Kim, M.S. & Kim, W.T. (2004). Production of nano-sized vermiculite and production of functional cosmetic pack using functionality thereof. (Patent No. KR20040071087A). Korean Intellectual Property Office.Google Scholar
Kim, C.H. & Kim, J.G. (2012). Cosmetic composition based on kaolin. (Patent No. KR20120008659A). Korean Intellectual Property Office.Google Scholar
Kim, S.J. & Son, H. (2006). Skin ointment and cosmetic component with contained illite. (Patent No. KR100627606B1 (A)). Korean Intellectual Property Office.Google Scholar
Kim, G.S., Kim Jae, C., & Yoon, M.S. (2003). Make up cosmetic containing bentonite. (Patent No. KR20030049993A). Korean Intellectual Property Office.Google Scholar
Kim, D.W., Kim, N.S., Lee, K.B., Lee, M.S., Lee, T.H., Oh, S.J., Park, J.Y., & Park, M.H. (2008). Cleansable cosmetics using illite for adsorption of fatty acids. (Patent No. KR20080009185A). Korean Intellectual Property Office.Google Scholar
Kim, G.H., Kim, M.H., Kim, S.N., Kim, T.H., Lee, H.J., Lee, S.D., Lee, Z.C., & Song, Y.G. (2012). Color cosmetics of talc free containing illite. (Patent No. KR20120005773A). Korean Intellectual Property Office.Google Scholar
Ko, J.C., Lee, D.K., Lee, E.S., Lee, J.P., Lee, K.K., Lee, K.S., & Yoo, Y. (2010). A cosmetic composition for removing sebum comprising montmorillonite and clay mineral. (Patent No. KR20100079359A). Korean Intellectual Property Office.Google Scholar
Koely-Therouin, S. & Mattei, J-L. (2001). Solid, warming, kaolin containing cosmetic composition, and use thereof for make-up removal. (Patent No. EP1106164A1 (B1)). European Patent Office.Google Scholar
Koenig, S., Lanzendoerfer, G., & Stelling, J. (2006). Cosmetic preparation, comprises vaseline, siloxane elastomer, cyclomethicone, mica and gaseous compounds under normal conditions. (Patent No. DE102004045411A1). The German Patent and Trade Mark Office.Google Scholar
Kohut, M. & Ruppert, S. (2004). Talc-containing cosmetic cleansing emulsion. (Patent No. EP1458350A2). European Patent Office.Google Scholar
Koopmann, S., Riedel, H., Schwanke, F., & Syskowski, B. (2006). Solid-stabilized cosmetic emulsion, useful e.g. for the care of the skin, comprises: aqueous phase comprising boron nitride; and lipid phase comprising hectorite and/or bentonite, silicone oil, silicone-free oil and siloxane elastomer. (Patent No. DE102004032842A1). The German Patent and Trade Mark Office.Google Scholar
Kovalenco, V., & Kotok, V. (2020). Tartrazine intercalated Zn-Al layered double hydroxide as a pigment for gel nail polish: synthesis and characterisation. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 105, 29–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kovalenko, V., Kotov, V., Yeroshkina, A., & Zaychuk, A. (2017). Synthesis and characterization of dye-intercalated nickel-aluminium layered-double hydroxide as a cosmetic pigment. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 5, 27–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumagai, S., Ogawa, K., Ono, K., Sugimori, K., Suzumura, A., & Yamamoto, M. (2004). Mica powder and cosmetic blending the same therein. (Patent No. JP3582662B2). Japan Patent Office.Google Scholar
Lagaly, G., & Dékany, I. (2005). Adsorption on hydrophobized surfaces: clusters and self-organization. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 114–115, 189–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
López-Galindo, A., Viseras, C., & Cerezo, P. (2007). Compositional, technical and safety specifications of clays to be used as pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. Applied Clay Science, 36, 51–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Machado, J. P. E., de Freitas, R. A., & Wypych, F. (2019). Layered clay minerals, synthetic layered double hydroxides and hydroxide salts applied as pickering emulsifiers. Applied Clay Science, 169, 10–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, R. T., Bailey, S. W., Eberl, D. D., Fanning, D.S., Guggenheim, S., Kodama, H., Pevear, D. R., Środoń, J., & Wicks, F. J. (1991). Report of the Clay Minerals Society Nomenclature Committee: Revised classification of clay materials. Clays and Clay Minerals, 39, 333–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manual on borderline and classification in the community regulatory framework for medical devices (2019), Version 1.22. https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/default/files/md_topics-interest/docs/md_borderline_manual_05_2019_en.pdf.Google Scholar
Mattioli, M., Giardini, L., Roselli, C., & Desideri, D. (2015). Mineralogical characterization of commercial clays used in cosmetics and possible risk for health. Applied Clay Science, 119, 449–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meli, G. & Pagis, L. (2018). Cosmetic compositions comprising a talc particulate. (Patent No. EP3270871A1(B1)). European Patent Office.Google Scholar
Mendoza, R. (2015). Cosmetic compositions. (Patent No. EP3166574A1 (A4, B1)). European Patent Office.Google Scholar
Moraes, J. D. D., Bertolino, S. R. A., Cuffini, S. L., Ducart, D. F., Bretzke, P. E., & Leonardi, G. R. (2017). Clay minerals: Properties and applications to dermocosmetic products and perspectives of natural raw materials for therapeutic purposes-A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 534, 213–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mpako, M. P., Matike, E. M., Ekosse, G., & Ngole, V. E. (2011). Ceremonial usage of clays for body painting according to traditional Xhosa culture. Indilinga African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems, 10(2), 235–244.Google Scholar
Nagahama, H. (2012). Zn-Containing synthetic mica, method of manufacturing the same, and cosmetic containing the same. (Patent No. JP2012246206A). Japan Patent OfficeGoogle Scholar
Nikitakis, J., & Lange, B. (2016). International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook. Personal Care Products Council.Google Scholar
Nishi, T. (2001). Synthetic colored kaolin, production method therefor, and cosmetics using same. (Patent No. JP2001172529A). Japan Patent OfficeGoogle Scholar
Park, S.L. (2015). Skin enhancement method comprising six steps using cosmetic composition, especially cosmetic composition comprising illite eluate have skin whitening function and anti-wrinkles effect. (Patent No. KR101569431B1). Korean Intellectual Property Office.Google Scholar
Park, S.L. (2020). Composition of cosmetic application containing illite eluate for inhibiting secretion of sebum treating acne or soothing skin. (Patent No. KR102197866B1). Korean Intellectual Property Office.Google Scholar
PCPC or Personal Care Products Council. (2021). INCI. https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/resources/inci/.Google Scholar
Perfitt, R.J. & Carimbocas, C.A.R. (2017). Dry shampoo composition. (Patent No. US9801793). The United States Patent and Trademark Office. Regulation 1223/2009. (n.d.) Cosmetic products. European Parliament, Council of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32009R1223.Google Scholar
Ricard, A. & Kongmany, C.R. (2020). Composition, in particular cosmetic makeup and/or care composition, comprising lipophilic clay, 1-10 mass% of mica and at least one non-cyclic silicone oil. (Patent No. JP2020169199A). Japan Patent Office.Google Scholar
Rincón-Fontán, M., Rodríguez-López, L., Vecino, X., Cruz, J. M., & Moldes, A. B. (2018). Design and characterization of greener sunscreen formulations based on mica powder and a biosurfactant extract. Powder Technology, 327, 442–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rizo, O. D., Muñoz, M. S., Hernández, P. G., Rudnikas, A. G., Rodríguez, K. D., Rodríguez, C. M., Martín, A. P., Fagundo Castillo, J. R., & Martínez-Villegas, N. V. (2017). Assessment of heavy metal content in peloids from some Cuban spas using X-ray fluorescence. Nucleus, 61, 1–5.Google Scholar
Rizo, O. D., Muñoz, M. S., Hernández, P. G., Rudnikas, A. G., Rodríguez, K. D., Rodríguez, C. M., Fagundo Castillo, J. R., Martínez-Villegas, N. V., & Zerquera, J. T. (2018). Radioactivity levels in peloids used in main Cuban spas. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 316, 95–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rochette, S., Doyon, S., & Elkurdi, M. (2017). Emulsifier-free bio mineral structured emulsion. (Patent No. US15293733). The United States Patent and Trademark Office.Google Scholar
Sadjadi, S. (2020). Halloysite-basedhybrids/composites in catalysis. Applied Clay Science, 189, 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saeki, T. (2000). Synthetic mica, its production and cosmetic using the same. (Patent No. JP2000272918A). Japan Patent Office.Google Scholar
Sánchez-Espejo, R., Aguzzi, C., Cerezo, P., López-Galindo, A., & Viseras, C. (2014). Folk pharmaceutical formulations in western Mediterranean: Identification and safety of clays used in pelotherapy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 155(1), 810–814.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santos, A. C., Panchal, A., Rahman, N., Pereira-Silva, M., Pereira, I., Veiga, F., & Lvov, Y. (2019). Evolution of hair treatment and care: Prospects of nanotube-based formulations. Nanomaterials, 9, 903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarfaraz, N. (2016). Handbook of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Formulations: Semisolid products. CRC Press.Google Scholar
Shchukin, D. G., Sukhorukov, G. B., Price, R. R., & Lvov, Y. M. (2005). Halloysite nanotubes as biomimetic nanoreactors. Small, 1, 510–513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Su, C. Y., Tang, H. Z., Zhu, G. D., Li, C. C., & Lin, C. K. (2014). The optical properties and sunscreen application of spherical h-BN–TiO2/mica composite powder. Ceramics International, 40, 4691–4696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suh, Y. J. (2015). Use of natural halloysite as a functional cosmetics carrier. Economic and Environmental Geology, 48(3), 247–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suh, Y. J., & Cho, K. (2015). Immobilization of nanoscale sunscreening agents onto natural halloysite micropowder. Materials Transactions, 56(6), 899–904.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suh, Y., Kil, D., Chung, K., Abdullayev, E., Lvov, Y., & Mongayt, D. (2011). Natural nanocontainer for the controlled delivery of glycerol as a moisturizing agent. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 11, 661–665.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tang, Y., Wang, J., Wang, Q., Wang, Z., Xu, L., & Zhang, Z. (2020). Modification method of attapulgite clay for cosmetics. (CN Patent 111003714A). China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) Trademark Office.Google Scholar
Thiesen, L., Bretzke, P. E., Bittencourt, C. M., Silva, R. M. L., Bresolin, T. M. B., Santin, J. R., & Couto, A. G. (2020). Litchi chinensis leaf extract provides high in vitro photoprotection associated to a natural mineral clay. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology and Photomedicine, 36, 61–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Timothy, G.R.A.Y., Cziryak, P., & Kljuic, A. (2015). Mineral sunscreen composition and process for protecting skin from photodamage and aging. (Patent No. US9034302). The United States Patent and Trademark Office.Google Scholar
Veniale, F., Bettero, A., Jobstraibizer, P. G., & Setti, M. (2007). Thermal muds: Perspectives of innovations. Applied Clay Science, 36(1–3), 141–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viseras, C., Aguzzi, C., Cerezo, P., & Lopez-Galindo, A. (2007). Uses of clay minerals in semisolid health care and therapeutic products. Applied Clay Science, 36, 37–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viseras, C., Carazo, E., Borrego-Sánchez, A., García-Villén, F., Sánchez-Espejo, R., Cerezo, P., & Aguzzi, C. (2019). Clay minerals in skin drug delivery. Clays and Clay Minerals, 67, 59–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittmer, R. (2002). Production of nanoparticulate synthetic talc, useful as a filler for polymers and in pharmaceutical and cosmetic compositions, comprises using nanoparticulate silica. (Patent No. DE10125879A1). The German Patent and Trade Mark Office.Google Scholar
Wuesteneck, A. & Wuesteneck, H. (1984). Use of titanium dioxide/mica pearl or colour lustre, bismuth oxychloride pearl lustre or bismuth oxychloride/mica pearl lustre pigments known on the date of filing under the designation of 'pearl lustre pigments for cosmetics. (Patent No. DE3224558A1). The German Patent and Trade Mark Office.Google Scholar
Yang, Z. (2015). W/O emulsified cosmetic, preparation method thereof, and application of quaternary ammonium salt-18 bentonite. (CN Patent No. 104287978). China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) Trademark Office.Google Scholar