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Catalytic Reduction of Congo Red to Low-Toxicity Forms Using a Low-Cost Catalyst Based on Modified Bentonite Material

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Mehdi Zahraoui ,
Adel Mokhtar Open the ORCID record for Adel Mokhtar [Opens in a new window] ,
Zohra Aouali Kebir Medjhouda ,
Soumia Abdelkrim ,
Bouhadjar Boukoussa ,
Amal Djelad ,
Mohammed Abdelkrim Hasnaoui ,
Mohamed Sassi  and
Mohamed Abboud
Mehdi Zahraoui
Affiliation:
Département Génie Des Procédés, Faculté Des Sciences Et Technologies, Université de Relizane, 48000 Relizane, Algeria Laboratoire de Chimie Des Matériaux L.C.M., Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, BP 1524, El-Mnaouer, 31000 Oran, Algeria
Adel Mokhtar*
Affiliation:
Département Génie Des Procédés, Faculté Des Sciences Et Technologies, Université de Relizane, 48000 Relizane, Algeria Laboratoire de Chimie Des Matériaux L.C.M., Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, BP 1524, El-Mnaouer, 31000 Oran, Algeria
Zohra Aouali Kebir Medjhouda
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Chimie Des Matériaux L.C.M., Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, BP 1524, El-Mnaouer, 31000 Oran, Algeria
Soumia Abdelkrim
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Chimie Des Matériaux L.C.M., Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, BP 1524, El-Mnaouer, 31000 Oran, Algeria
Bouhadjar Boukoussa
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Chimie Des Matériaux L.C.M., Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, BP 1524, El-Mnaouer, 31000 Oran, Algeria Département de Génie Des Matériaux, Faculté de Chimie, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Mohamed Boudiaf, BP 1505, El-Mnaouer, 31000 Oran, Algeria
Amal Djelad
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Chimie Des Matériaux L.C.M., Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, BP 1524, El-Mnaouer, 31000 Oran, Algeria
Mohammed Abdelkrim Hasnaoui
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Chimie Des Matériaux L.C.M., Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, BP 1524, El-Mnaouer, 31000 Oran, Algeria
Mohamed Sassi
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Chimie Des Matériaux L.C.M., Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, BP 1524, El-Mnaouer, 31000 Oran, Algeria
Mohamed Abboud
Affiliation:
Catalysis Research Group (CRG), Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
*
e-mail: mokhtar.adel80@gmail.com
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Abstract

The reduction of azo dyes to less toxic and more easily biodegradable amine derivatives is an effective strategy for the treatment of industrial wastewater. The present work aimed to study the reduction reaction of azo dye Congo red (CR) catalyzed by nanoparticles (NPs) of chromium oxides (Cr2O3NPs) immobilized on bentonite in the presence of NaBH4. Cr(III) ions were intercalated using ion exchange reactions to obtain Cr-bentonite, and then the immobilized chromium cations were treated using NaBH4 leading to the formation of Cr2O3NPs-bentonite. The physicochemical properties of the samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), UV–Visible diffuse reflectance (UV–Vis DR), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy techniques. The results showed the formation of various chromium species, in which the most dominant were chromium oxide nanoparticles, on the bentonite surface with an average particle size between 20 and 35 nm. Line-scan analysis showed a reactive catalytic surface due to the excellent distribution of Cr on the bentonite surfaces. The best-performing catalyst, Cr2O3NPs-bentonite, displayed significant catalytic activity compared to the bentonite and Cr-bentonite materials, with a full reduction time of 630 s and a rate constant, kapp, equal to 0.034 s–1. The resulting products (benzidine and sodium 3, 4-diaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonate) from the catalytic reduction exhibited low toxicity compared to the CR dye; these products are easy to use in chemical synthesis. All results collected from this work indicated that this low-cost catalyst can be exploited to eliminate other dyes from the environment.

Keywords

BentoniteCatalytic reductionChromium oxide nanoparticlesCongo redNaBH4
Type
Original Paper
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 71 , Issue 1 , February 2023 , pp. 74 - 90
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Clay Minerals Society 2023

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Footnotes

Associate Editor: Jun Kawamata

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