Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-5g6vh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-29T07:13:30.370Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Natural Clay-Sized Glauconite in the Neogene Deposits of the Campine Basin (Belgium)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

R. Adriaens ,
N. Vandenberghe  and
J. Elsen
R. Adriaens*
Affiliation:
Applied Geology and Mineralogy, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
N. Vandenberghe
Affiliation:
Applied Geology and Mineralogy, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
J. Elsen
Affiliation:
Applied Geology and Mineralogy, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: rieko.adriaens@ees.kuleuven.be
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Natural clay-sized glauconite has the same mineralogical composition as sand-sized glauconite pellets but occurs in <2 μm clay fractions. This particular glauconite habit has been described previously from soil environments resulting from pelletal weathering but is rarely reported in higher-energy sedimentary environments. In the present study, clay-sized glauconite was identified as a common constituent in transgressive Neogene glauconite pellet-rich deposits of the southern North Sea in Belgium. X-ray diffraction results revealed that the characteristics of the clay-sized glauconite are very similar to the associated glauconite pellets in sand deposits. Both glauconite types consisted of two glauconite-smectite R1 phases with generally small percentages of expandable layers (<30%) with d060 values ranging between 1.513 Å and 1.519 Å. Clay-sized glauconite was not neoformed but formed by the disintegration of sand-sized glauconite pellets which were abraded or broken up during short-distance transport within the sedimentary basin or over the hinterland. Even in an environment where authigenic glauconite pellets occur, minimal transport over transgressive surfaces is sufficient to produce clay-sized glauconite. Furthermore, clay-sized glauconite can be eroded from marine deposits and subsequently resedimented in estuarine deposits. Clay-sized glauconite is, therefore, a proxy for the transport intensity of pelletal glauconite in energetic depositional environments and, moreover, indicates reworking in such deposits which lack pelletal glauconite.

Keywords

BelgiumClay-sized GlauconiteNeogeneTransport
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 62 , Issue 1 , February 2014 , pp. 35 - 52
Copyright
Copyright © Clay Minerals Society 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adriaens, R., 2009 Mineralogical and crystal-chemical analysis of glauconites in the Upper-Cretaceous and Cenozoic strata of the Southern North Sea basin Unpublished Masters thesis, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium 105 pp..Google Scholar
Amorosi, A., 1995 Glaucony and sequence stratigraphy: a conceptual framework of distribution in siliciclastic sequences Journal of Sedimentary Research 65 419–425.Google Scholar
Amorosi, A., 1997 Detecting compositional, spatial, and temporal attributes of glaucony: a tool for provenance research Sedimentary Geology 109 135–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, S.W., 1980 Summary of recommendations of AIPEA nomenclature committee Clays and Clay Minerals 28 73–78.Google Scholar
Bailey, S.W., 1988 Hydrous Phyllosilicates (exclusive of Micas) Reviews in Mineralogy 19 725 pp..Google Scholar
Baioumy, H. and Boulis, S., 2012 Non-pelletal glauconite from the Campanian Qusseir Formation, Egypt: Implication for glauconitisation Sedimentary Geology 249 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldermann, A. Grathoff, G.H. and Nickel, C., 2012 Micromileu-controlled glauconitisation in fecal pellets at Oker (Central Germany) Clay Minerals 47 513–538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banerjee, S. Jeevankumar, S. and Eriksson, P.G., 2008 Mg-rich ferric illite in marine transgressive and highstand systems tracts: examples from the Paleoproterozoic Semri Group, central India Precambrian Research 162 212–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banerjee, S. Chattoraj, S.L. Saraswati, P.K. Dasgupta, S. and Sarkar, U., 2012 Substrate control on formation and maturation of glauconites in the Middle Eocene Harudi Formation, western Kutch, India Marine and Petroleum Geology 30 144–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, D.H. and Goodell, H.G., 1967 A comparative study of glauconite and the associated clay fraction in modern marine sediments Sedimentology 9 169–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg-Madsen, V., 1983 High-alumina glaucony from the middle Cambrian of Öland and Bornholm, Southern Baltoscandia Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 53 875–893.Google Scholar
Buatier, M. Honnorez, J. and Ehret, G., 1989 Fe-smectite-glauconite transition in hydrothermal green clays from the Galapagos spreading center Clays and Clay Minerals 37 532–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckley, H.A. Bevan, J.C. Brown, K.M. Johnson, L.R. and Farmer, V.C., 1978 Glauconite and celadonite: two separate mineral species Mineralogical Magazine 42 373–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chafetz, H.S. and Reid, A., 2000 Syndepositional, shallow water precipitation of glauconitic minerals Sedimentary Geology 136 29–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chamley, H., 1989 Clay Sedimentology Berlin Springer-Verlag 623 pp..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cudzil, M.R. and Driese, S.G., 1987 Fluvial, tidal and storm sedimentation in the Chilhowee Group (Lower Cambrian), northeastern Tennessee, U.S.A Sedimentology 34 861–883.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De, M FJ and Laga, P., 1976 Lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy based on benthonic foraminifera of the Neogene deposits of northern Belgium Bulletin de Société belge Géologie 85 133–152.Google Scholar
Derkowski, A. Środoń, J. Franus, J. Uhlík, P. Banaś, M. Zieliński, G. Čaplovičova, M. and Franus, M., 2009 Progressive dissolution of glauconite and its implications for the methodology of K-Ar and Rb-Sr dating Clays and Clay Minerals 57 531–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberl, D.D. Środoń, J. Lee, M. Nadeau, P.H. and Northrop, H.R., 1987 Sericite from the Silverton caldera, Colorado: Correlation among structure, composition, origin, and particle thickness American Mineralogist 72 914–934.Google Scholar
El Albani, A., 2005 Unusual occurrence of glauconite in a shallow lagoonal environment (Lower Cretaceous, northern Aquitaine Basin, SW France) Terra Nova 17 537–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gertsch, B. Adatte, T. Keller, G. Aziz, A.M. Tantawy, A. Berner, Z. Mort, H.P. and Fleitmann, D., 2010 Middle and late Cenomanian oceanic anoxic events in shallow and deeper shelf environments of western Morocco Sedimentology 57 1430–1462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonzalez, R. Dias, J.M.A. Lobo, F. and Mendes, I., 2004 Sedimentological and paleoenvironmental characterization of transgressive sediments on the Guadiana Shelf (Northern Gulf of Cadiz, SW Iberia) Quaternary International 120 133–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Güven, N., 1988 Smectites Hydrous Phyllosilicates 19 497–559.Google Scholar
Harris, W.B. Fullager, P.D. and Tovo, L.T., 2007 Significance of young Paleocene Rb-Sr glauconite dates from the Lang Syne Formation, Savannah River site, South Carolina Southeastern Geology 37 55–72.Google Scholar
Hesselbo, S.P. and Huggett, J.M., 2001 Glaucony in oceanmargin sequence stratigraphy (Oligocene-Pliocene, Offshore New Jersey, USA; ODP Leg 174A) Journal of Sedimentary Research 71 598–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ireland, B.J. Curtis, C.D. and Whiteman, J.A., 1983 Compositional variation within some glauconites and illites and implications for their stabi l ity and origins Sedimentology 30 769–786.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, M.L., 1975 Soil Chemical Analysis — Advanced Course 2nd edition Madison, Wisconsin, USA Published by the author 895 pp..Google Scholar
Jimenez-Millan, J. Molina, J.M. Nieto, F. Nieto, L. and Ruiz-Ortiz, P.A., 1998 Glauconite and phosphate peloids in Mesozoic carbonate sediments (Eastern Subbetic Zone, Betic Cordilleras, SE Spain) Clay Minerals 33 547–559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleeberg, R., 2005 Results of the second Reynolds Cup contest in quantitative mineral analysis. International Union of Crystallography Commission on Powder Diffraction Newsletter 20 22–24.Google Scholar
Louwye, S., 2001 New species of dinoflagellate cysts from the Berchem formation, Miocene, northern Belgium (southern North Sea basin) Geobios 34 121–130.Google Scholar
Louwye, S., 2005 The Early and Middle Miocene transgression at the southern border of the North Sea Basin (northern Belgium) Geological Journal 40 441–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Louwye, S. and De Schepper, S., 2010 revealed by dinoflagellate cysts Geological Magazine 5 760–776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Louwye, S. and Laga, P., 1998 Dinoflagellate cysts of the shallow marine Neogene succession in the Kalmthout well, northern Belgium Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 45 73–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Louwye, S. De Coninck, J. and Verniers, S., 1999 Dinoflagellate cyst stratigraphy and depositional history of Miocene and Lower Pliocene formations in northern Belgium (southern North Sea basin) Geologie en Mijnbouw 78 31–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Louwye, S. De Conick, J. and Verniers, J., 2000 Shallow marine Lower and Middle Miocene deposits at the southern margin of the North Sea Basin (northern Belgium): dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy and depositional history Geological Magazine 137 381–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Louwye, S. De Schepper, S. Laga, P. and Vandenberghe, N., 2006 The Upper Miocene of the southern North Sea Basin (northern Belgium): a palaeoenvironmental and stratigraphical reconstruction using dinoflagellate cysts Geological Magazine 144 33–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maréchal, R., 1994 A new lithostratigraphic scale for the Palaeogene of Belgium Bulletin de la Société belge de Géologie |102 215–229.Google ScholarPubMed
McRae, S.C., 1972 Glauconite Earth-Science Reviews 8 397–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meunier, A., 2005 Clays Berlin Springer-Verlag 472 pp..Google Scholar
Meunier, A. and El Albani, A., 2007 The glauconite-Fe-illite-Fe-smectite problem: a critical review Terra Nova 19 95–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, D.M. Reynolds, R.C. Jr., 1997 X-ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals second edition Oxford, New York Oxford University Press 371 pp..Google Scholar
Odin, G.S., 1982 Numerical Dating in Stratigraphy New York Wiley Interscience 1094 pp..Google Scholar
Odin, G.S. and Fullager, P.D., 1988 Geological significance of glaucony facies Green Marine Clays 45 295–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odin, G.S. and Matter, A., 1981 De glauconiarum origine Sedimentology 28 611–641.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odin, G.S. Hunziker, J.C. Keppens, E. Laga, P.G. and Pasteels, P., 1974 Analyse radiométrique de glauconies par les méthodes au strontium et a l’argon; L’Oligo-Miocène de Belgique Bulletin de Société belge Géologie 83 35–48.Google Scholar
Omotoso, O. McCarthy, D.K. Hillier, S. and Kleeberg, R., 2006 Some successful approaches to quantitative mineral analysis as revealed by the 3rd Reynolds Cup contest Clays and Clay Minerals 54 748–760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parry, W.T. Reeves, C.C. Jr., 1966 Lacustrine glauconitic mica from Pluvial Lake Mound, Lynn and Terry Counties, Texas American Mineralogist 51 229–235.Google Scholar
Porrenga, D.H., 1968 Non-marine glauconitic illite in the Lower Oligocene of Aardebrug, Belgium Clay Minerals 7 421–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potter, P.E. Maynard, B.J. and Depetris, J.P., 2005 Mud and Mudstones New York Springer-Verlag 297 pp..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakharov, B.A. Lindgreen, H. Salyn, A.L. and Drits, V.A., 1999 Determination of illite-smectite structures using multispecimen X-ray diffraction profile fitting Clays and Clay Minerals 47 555–566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seed, D.P., 1968 The analysis of the clay content of some glauconite oceanic sediments Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 38 229–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Środoń, J. Drits, V.A. McCarty, D.K. Hsieh, J.C.C. and Eberl, D.D., 2001 Quantitative XRD analysis of clay-rich rocks from random preparations Clays and Clay Minerals 49 514–528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tedrow, J.C.F., 1986 Soils of New Jersey Malabar, Florida, USA Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company 479 pp..Google Scholar
Tedrow, J.C.F., 2002 Greensand and Greensand Soils of New Jersey: a review New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources Rutgers University 40 pp..Google Scholar
Udgata, D.B.P., 2007 Glauconite as an indicator of sequence stratigraphic packages in a lower Paleocene passive-margin shelf succession, Central Alabama Masters thesis Alabama, USA Auburn University 124 pp..Google Scholar
Van Ranst, E. and De Coninck, F., 1983 Evolution of glauconite in imperfectly drained soils of the Belgian Campine Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde 146 415–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandenberghe, N. Laga, P. Steurbaut, E. and Vail, P.R., 1998 Tertiary sequence stratigraphy at the southern border of the North Sea basin in Belgium Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Stratigraphy of European Basins Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA Society for Sedimentary Geology 119–154.Google Scholar
Vandenberghe, N. Van Simaeys, S. Steurbaut, E. Jagt, J. and Felder, P., 2004 Stratigraphic architecture of the Upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic along the southern border of the North Sea Basin in Belgium Netherlands Journal of Geosciences-Geologie en Mijnbouw 83 155–171.Google Scholar
Velde, B., 1985 Clay Minerals Developments in Sedimentology 40 427 pp..Google Scholar
Velde, B. and Meunier, A., 2008 The Origin of Clay Minerals in Soils and Weathered Rocks Berlin Springer Verlag 406 pp..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, C.E. and Pollard, L.D., 1973 The Chemistry of Clay Minerals Developments in Sedimentology 15 213 pp..Google Scholar
Wignall, P.B. and Newton, R.J., 2001 Black shales on the basin margin: a model based on examples from the Upper Jurassic of the Boulonnais, northern France Sedimentary Geology 144 335–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, A.D., 1955 A new method for the determination of ferrous iron in rocks and minerals Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Great Britain 9 56–58.Google Scholar
Zeelmaekers, E., 2011 Computerized qualitative and quantitative clay mineralogy: Introduction and application to known geological cases Doctoral dissertation Leuven, Belgium University of Leuven 397 pp..Google Scholar