Hostname: page-component-7dd5485656-6kn8j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-31T12:32:11.132Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Simple Method for Partial Purification of Reference Clays

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

L. Jacqueline Arroyo ,
Hui Li ,
Brian J. Teppen  and
Stephen A. Boyd
L. Jacqueline Arroyo
Affiliation:
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, and Environmental Science and Policy Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
Hui Li
Affiliation:
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, and Environmental Science and Policy Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
Brian J. Teppen
Affiliation:
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, and Environmental Science and Policy Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
Stephen A. Boyd*
Affiliation:
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, and Environmental Science and Policy Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: boyds@msu.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The influence of clay preparation procedure on sorption and hydrolysis of carbaryl (1-naphthyl, A-methyl carbamate) by the reference smectite SWy-2 was examined. For research purposes, reference clays are sometimes used without purification, or more commonly, the <2 μm size fraction is obtained by gravity sedimentation or low-speed centrifugation. We determined that these common methods did not remove all the inorganic carbonate impurities present in SWy-2, and that these impurities caused alkaline conditions in aqueous clay suspensions leading to the alkaline hydrolysis of carbaryl to 1-naphthol. The hydrolytic activity of homoionic K-SWy-2 disappeared once carbonates were eliminated. Two methods were evaluated for preparing K-SWy-2 devoid of inorganic carbonates. In Method A, inorganic carbonates were first removed by incremental additions of a 0.5 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) until the clay suspension reached pH 6.8, followed by low-speed centrifugation to obtain the <2 μm size fraction; in Method B, the order of these steps was reversed. Carbaryl hydrolysis was used as a probe to determine the effectiveness of the two methods in terms of the removal of carbonate accessory minerals. Homoionic K-SWy-2 obtained by Methods A and B produced near neutral pH when suspended in water and hydrolysis of carbaryl in these suspensions was not evident. In this regard, both clay preparation methods were acceptable. However, there were procedural advantages with Method B, which is therefore recommended for the partial purification of reference clays, as detailed in this paper.

Keywords

Clay PreparationCarbarylCarbonate ImpuritiesReference ClaysSorptionSWy-2

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 53 , Issue 5 , October 2005 , pp. 511 - 519
Copyright
Copyright © The Clay Minerals Society 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Aguer, J.P. Hermosín, M.C. Calderón, M.J. and Cornejo, J., (2000) Fenuron sorption on homoionic natural and modified smectites Journal of Environmental and Science Health 35 279–296 10.1080/03601230009373270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arroyo, L.J. Li, H. Teppen, B.J. Johnston, C.T. and Boyd, S.A., (2004) Hydrolysis of carharyl hy carbonate impurities in reference clay SWy-2 Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52 8066–8073 10.1021/jf048971b.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, S.A. Sheng, G. Teppen, B.J. and Johnston, C.J., (2001) Mechanisms for the adsorption of substituted nitrobenzenes hy smectite clays Environmental Science and Technology 35 4227–4234 10.1021/es010663w.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costanzo, P.M., (2001) Baseline studies of The Clay Minerals Society Source Clays: Introduction Clays and Clay Minerals 49 372–373 10.1346/CCMN.2001.0490502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forteza, M. Galán, E. and Cornejo, J., (1989) Interaction of dexametasone and montmorillonite adsorption-degradation process Applied Clay Science 4 437–448 10.1016/0169-1317(89)90021-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fukuto, T.R., Biggar, J. and Seiher, J., (1987) Organophosphorus and carbamate esters: The anticholinesterase insecticides Fate of Pesticides in the Environment 5–18.Google Scholar
Gee, G.W. Bauder, J.W. and Klute, A., (1986) Particle size analysis Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods 2nd edition USA American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin 383–489.Google Scholar
Grim, R.E. and Güven, N., (1978) Bentonites — Geology, Mineralogy, Properties, and Uses The Netherlands Elsevier Scientific Publications, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Haderlein, S.B. and Schwarzenhach, R.P., (1993) Adsorption of substituted nitrobenzenes and nitrophenols to mineral surfaces Environmental Science and Technology 27 316–326 10.1021/es00039a012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haderlein, S.B. Weissmahr, K.W. and Schwarzenhach, R.P., (1996) Specific adsorption of nitroaromatic explosives and pesticides to clay minerals Environmental Science and Technology 30 612–622 10.1021/es9503701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, M.L., (1979) Mineral fractionation for soils Soil Chemical Analysis — Advanced Course 2nd edition USA Madison, Wisconsin 100–166.Google Scholar
Kunze, G.W. Dixon, J.B. and Klute, A., (1986) Pretreatment for mineralogical analysis Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods 2nd edition USA American Society of Agronomy, Inc. and the Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin 91–100.Google Scholar
Li, H. Sheng, G. Teppen, B.J. Johnston, C.T. and Boyd, S.A., (2003) Sorption and desorption of pesticides hy clay minerals and humic acid-clay complexes Soil Science Society of America Journal 67 122–131 10.2136/sssaj2003.0122.Google Scholar
Li, Z. Willms, C. and Kniola, K., (2003) Removal of anionic contaminants using surfactant-modified palygorskite and sepiolite Clays and Clay Minerals 51 445–451 10.1346/CCMN.2003.0510411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loeppert, R.H. Suarez, D.L. and Sparks, D., (1996) Carbonate and Gypsum Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3. Chemical Methods 2nd edition USA American Society of Agronomy, Inc. and the Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin 437–473.Google Scholar
Mermut, A.R. and Cano, A.F., (2001) Baseline studies of The Clay Minerals Society Source Clays: Chemical analyses of major elements Clays and Clay Minerals 49 381–386 10.1346/CCMN.2001.0490504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mingelgrin, U. Saltzman, S. and Yaron, B., (1977) A possible model for the surface-induced hydrolysis of organophosphorus pesticides on kaolinite clays Soil Science Society of America Journal 42 519–523 10.2136/sssaj1977.03615995004100030017x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, D.M. Reynolds, R.C. Jr., (1989) Sample preparation techniques for clay minerals X-ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals New York Oxford University Press 179–201.Google Scholar
Mortland, M.M. and Halloran, L.J., (1976) Polymerization of aromatic molecules on smectite Soil Science Society of America Journal 40 367–370 10.2136/sssaj1976.03615995004000030019x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pusino, A. Gessa, C. and Kozlowski, H., (1988) Catalytic hydrolysis of quinalphos on homoionic clays Pesticide Science 24 1–8 10.1002/ps.2780240102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pusino, A. Gelsomino, A. and Gessa, C., (1995) Adsorption mechanisms of imazamethahenz-methyl on homoionic montmorillonites Clays and Clay Minerals 43 346–352 10.1346/CCMN.1995.0430309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pusino, A. Braschi, I. and Gessa, C., (2000) Adsorption and degradation of triasulfuron on homoionic montmorillonites Clays and Clay Minerals 48 19–25 10.1346/CCMN.2000.0480103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pusino, A. Gelsomino, A. Fiori, M.G. and Gessa, C., (2003) Adsorption of two quinolinecarboxylic acid herbicides on homoionic montmorillonites Clays and Clay Minerals 51 143–149 10.1346/CCMN.2003.0510203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sawhney, B.L. Kozloski, R.K. Isaacson, P.J. and Gent, M.P.N., (1984) Polymerization of 2,6—dimethylphenol on smectite surfaces Clays and Clay Minerals 32 108–114 10.1346/CCMN.1984.0320204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheng, G. Johnston, C.T. Teppen, B.J. and Boyd, S.A., (2001) Potential contributions of smectite clays and organic matter to pesticide retention in soils Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49 2899–2907 10.1021/jf001485d.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soma, Y. Soma, M. and Harada, I., (1986) The oxidative polymerization of aromatic molecules in the interlayer of montmorillonites studied by resonance Raman spectroscopy Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 1 95–106 10.1016/0169-7722(86)90009-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Olphen, H. and Fripiat, J.J., (1979) Data handbook for clay minerals and other non-metallic minerals New York Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Vogt, C. Lauterjung, J. and Fischer, R.X., (2002) Investigation of the clay fraction (<2 μm) of The Clay Minerals Society Reference Clays Clays and Clay Minerals 50 388–400 10.1346/000986002760833765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wei, J. Furrer, G. Kaufman, S. and Schulin, R., (2001) Influence of clay minerals on the hydrolysis of carbamate pesticides Environmental Science and Technology 35 2226–2232 10.1021/es000179d.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed