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The Genetics of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Ranga Ram ,
Kim M. Schindler ,
Amy Bauer ,
Carlos N. Pato  and
Michele T. Pato
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Abstract

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has an early childhood onset in the majority of cases. This has a considerable impact on the development of the affected individual, both directly (as a result of the symptoms) and indirectly (through the stresses imposed upon school, learning, socialization, and family life). Several lines of evidence point to a genetic component to ADHD. Family studies show a familial aggregation of ADHD, with a five- to sixfold increase in the incidence of ADHD among first-degree relatives. Twin studies reveal a higher concordance rate for ADHD among monozygotic twins compared with dizygotic twins. To date, molecular genetic research has focused on candidate genes in the dopaminergic system. Genes studied include the D2A1 allele of the dopamine D2 receptor gene, the dopamine transporter gene, and the dopamine D4 receptor gene. One of the major limitations to the study of the genetics of behavioral disorders in children has been the overlap among syndromes, including oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, persistent (adult) ADHD, and bipolar disorder. Future research must address weaknesses in existing studies, including small samples sizes, restricted statistical power, and confounding factors such as comorbid illnesses, clinical heterogeneity with variable symptom severity, and unclear phenotypic boundaries.

Type
Feature Articles
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 4 , Issue 5: Molecular Genetics: Part One , May 1999 , pp. 49 - 52
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1999

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