Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a serious public health threat. Pharmacotherapy, commonly known as medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), is established as the cornerstone of OUD treatment. MOUDs reduce likelihood of relapse, promote recovery, and save lives. However, many clinicians are still reluctant to use these medications, in part due to inadequate training and experience. In light of the ongoing opioid overdose epidemic, it has become ever more important for clinicians to confidently and thoughtfully deploy these medications to help patients struggling with OUD. To aid busy clinicians, we have put together a review of the extant literature on three FDA-approved pharmacotherapy options—methadone, buprenorphine, and extended-release naltrexone—with a heavy focus on practical clinical application. We discuss how to effectively engage patients with OUD and initiate them on MOUDs—especially when their primary misused drug is fentanyl. We also review novel strategies, such as buprenorphine microinduction, as well as suggested best practice to effectively transition between MOUDs. Finally, we synthesize our review and recommendations in an algorithmic flowchart to provide visually compelling information.

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