Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x5gtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-18T07:07:52.564Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

#yeeyeenation

Country Boys and the Mythopoetics of White Public Culture

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 January 2022

Rumya S. Putcha*
Affiliation:
Institute for Women’s Studies and the Hugh Hodgson School of Music, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
*
*Corresponding author. Email: rsputcha@uga.edu

Abstract

Using methods from country music studies, performance studies, hashtag ethnography, and Black Feminist Thought (BFT), this article employs sonic, discursive, and social media analysis to examine performances of White masculinity known as “country boys.” In the opening sections, I describe examples of country boys that emerge from Texas A&M University (College Station), bringing together confederate statues and the men who identify with and defend such statues. I then turn my focus to critical analysis of one country boy in particular: county music singer, brand progenitor, and Texas icon, Granger Smith a.k.a. Earl Dibbles Jr. Highlighting the importance of country boys to the cultural identity of Texas A&M University, I argue that White publics aggregate and accrue racialized and gendered meaning in social media spaces through signs associated with Smith like the hashtag #yeeyeenation. Such signs are predicated on and normalize a rhetoric—in this case, that something or someone “is not racist”—even in the face of evidence to the contrary. Extending the insights of scholarship on the former Confederacy to contemporary country music cultures and to the present political moment, this article interrogates how White identities and related genealogies in the U.S. context are not simply established to sanitize and excuse expressions of racist, gendered, and exclusionary thought, but are sustained by aestheticized deceptions. I refer to these deceptions as mythopoetics. In this article I demonstrate how Smith’s success, particularly since he is best known for his “redneck” alter-ego, Earl Dibbles Jr., is a testament to the power and reach of mythopoetics in a hegemonic White and heteropatriarchal society. I argue that mythopoetics are not only essential to majoritarian cultural formations today, but also normalize White supremacy to such a point that its violence can circulate without consequence and in plain sight.

Type
State of the Art
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Hutchins Center for African and African American Research

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahmed, Sara (2010). The Cultural Politics of Emotion. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bertrand, Michael (2004). “I Don’t Think Hank Done It That Way”: Elvis, Country Music, and the Reconstruction of Southern Masculinity. In Kristine McCusker and Diane Pecknold (Eds.), A Boy Named Sue, pp. 5985, Oxford, MS: University Press of Mississippi.Google Scholar
Bonilla, Yarimar, and Rosa, Jonathan (2015). #Ferguson: Digital Protest, Hashtag Ethnography, and the Racial Politics of Social Media in the United StatesAmerican Ethnologist42(1): 417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blight, David W. (2001). Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chattleton, Kyle (2018). The Rebel Yell in Charlottesville: Affective Sound, History, and White Supremacy. Conference Presentation, Annual Conference of the Society of Ethnomusicology, Albuquerque, NM, November 16.Google Scholar
Cottom, Tressie M. (2021). Why I Keep Returning to Country Music as a Theme. Essaying: Craft, Voice, Self, & Society. March 4. https://tressie.substack.com/p/why-i-keep-returning-to-country-music (accessed September 24, 2021).Google Scholar
Davies, William (2021). The Politics of Recognition in the Age of Social Media. New Left Review, 128: 8399.Google Scholar
de Velasco, Antonio (2019). “I’m a Southerner, Too”: Confederate Monuments and Black Southern Counterpublics in Memphis, TennesseeSouthern Communication Journal84(4): 233245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Domby, Adam H. (2020). The False Cause: Fraud, Fabrication, and White Supremacy in Confederate Memory. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dreisbach, Tom (2021). How Extremists Weaponize Irony to Spread Hate. National Public Radio. April 26. https://www.npr.org/2021/04/26/990274685/how-extremists-weaponize-irony-to-spread-hate. (accessed October 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Feagin, Joe R. (2013). The White Racial Frame: Centuries of Racial Framing and Counter-framing. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, Aaron A. (2004). Real Country: Music and Language in Working-class Culture. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Freeman, Jon (2016). Granger Smith on Blurring Lines with His Redneck Alter Ego. Rolling Stone. March 30. https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/granger-smith-on-blurring-lines-with-his-redneck-alter-ego-93221/ (accessed September 24, 2021).Google Scholar
Goff Philip, A., Jackson, Matthew C., Di Leone, Brooke A. L., Culotta, Carmen M., and DiTomasso, Natalie A. (2014). The Essence of Innocence: Consequences of Dehumanizing Black ChildrenJournal of Personality and Social Psychology. 106(4): 526545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, Jane H. (1998). Language, Race, and White Public SpaceAmerican Anthropologist100(3): 680689.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hjorth, Larissa, Horst, Heather A., Galloway, Anne, and Bell, Genevieve (2017). The Routledge Companion to Digital Ethnography. London: Taylor & Francis.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
hooks, bell (1992). Black Looks: Race and Representation . Boston: South End.Google Scholar
Hubbs, Nadine (2014). Rednecks, Queers, and Country Music. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kailin, Julie (1999). How White Teachers Perceive the Problem of Racism in Their Schools: A Case Study in “Liberal” LakeviewTeachers College Record100(4): 724750.Google Scholar
Kerkering, John D. (2003). The Poetics of National and Racial Identity in Nineteenth-Century American Literature. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kytle, Ethan J., and Roberts, Blain (2018). Denmark Vesey’s Garden: Slavery and Memory in the Cradle of Confederacy. New York: The New Press.Google Scholar
Leepson, Marc (2005). Flag: An American Biography. New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Leib, Jonathan I. (1995). Heritage Versus Hate: A Geographical Analysis of Georgia’s Confederate Battle Flag DebateSoutheastern Geographer35(1): 3757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipsitz, George (1998). The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Liu, James H., and Mills, Duncan (2006). Modern Racism and Neo-Liberal Globalization: The Discourses of Plausible Deniability and Their Multiple FunctionsJournal of Community & Applied Social Psychology16(2): 8399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loewen, James W. (1995). Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Mann, G. (2008). Why Does Country Music Sound White?: Race and the Voice of NostalgiaEthnic and Racial Studies31(1): 73100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maxson, J. David (2020). Second Line to Bury White Supremacy: Take ‘Em Down Nola, Monument Removal, and Residual MemoryQuarterly Journal of Speech106(1): 4871.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCluskey, John Michael (2019). “Rough! Tough! Real Stuff!”: Music, Militarism, and Masculinity in American College FootballAmerican Music37(1): 2957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mather, Olivia C. (2017). Race in Country Music Scholarship. In Stimeling, Travis (Ed.), Oxford Handbook of Country Music, pp. 327354. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McVeigh, Rory, and Estep, Kevin (2019). The Politics of Losing: Trump, the Klan, and the Mainstreaming of Resentment. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meek, Barbara (2006). And the Injun Goes “How!”: Representations of American Indian English in White Public SpaceLanguage in Society35(1): 93128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, Bernard (2021). New Report: Violent Hashtags on Parler Skyrocketed on January 6. Cybernews. January 14. https://cybernews.com/news/new-report-violent-hashtags-on-parler-skyrocketed-on-january-6/ (accessed October 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Karl Hagstrom, Miller (2010). Segregating Sound: Inventing Folk and Pop Music in the Age of Jim Crow. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Moore, Wendy Leo, and Bell, Joyce M. (2017). The Right To Be Racist in College: Racist Speech, White Institutional Space, and the First AmendmentLaw & Policy39(2): 99120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neal, Jocelyn (2016). Why “Ladies Love Country Boys”: Gender, Class, and Economies in Contemporary Country Music. In Pecknold, Diane and McCusker, Kristine (Eds.), Country Boys and Redneck Women, pp. 325. Jackson, MS: University of Mississippi Press.Google Scholar
Newman, Joshua I. (2007). Old Times There Are Not Forgotten: Sport, Identity, and the Confederate Flag in the Dixie SouthSociology of Sport Journal24(3): 261282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Connell, Heather A. (2021). More than Rocks and Stone: Confederate Monuments, Memory Movements, and Race. Social Forces.Google Scholar
Orosz, Jeremy (2021). “Straight Outta Nashville”: Allusions to Hip Hop in Contemporary Country MusicPopular Music and Society44(1): 4959.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pecknold, Diane (2004). “I Wanna Play House”: Configurations of Masculinity in the Nashville Sound Era. In Kristine McCusker and Diane Pecknold (Eds.), A Boy Named Sue, pp. 86106, Oxford, MS: University Press of Mississippi.Google Scholar
Pecknold, Diane (2007). The Selling Sound: The Rise of the Country Music Industry. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Pecknold, Diane (2014). Heart of the Country?: The Construction of Nashville as the Capital of Country Music. In Lashua, Brett, Spracklen, Karl, and Wagg, Stephen (Eds.), Sounds in the City, pp. 1937. London: Palgrave MacMillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, Richard A (1997). Creating Country Music: Fabricating Authenticity . Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Postill, John, and Pink, Sarah (2012). Social Media Ethnography: The Digital Researcher in a Messy Web. Media International Australia, (145): 123134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pruitt, Cenate (2019). “Boys ’Round Here”: Masculine Life-Course Narratives in Contemporary Country MusicSocial Sciences8(6): 176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putcha, Rumya S (2015). Dancing in Place: Mythopoetics and the Production of History in Kuchipudi. Yearbook for Traditional Music , 47: 126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roediger, David R. (1991). The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of American Working Class. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Sanjek, David (1995). Blue Moon of Kentucky Rising Over the Mystery Train: The Complex Construction of Country Music. South Atlantic Quarterly, 94(1): 2955.Google Scholar
Savage, Kirk (1997). Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth-Century America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shackel, Paul A. (2003). Memory in Black and White: Race, Commemoration, and the Post-Bellum Landscape. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.Google Scholar
Sharp, John (2018). Letter to the Editor: Chancellor Sharp Says Statue Honors Sul Ross’ Service to All Texans. The Battalion. November 20.Google Scholar
Sheehan, Rebecca, and Speights-Binet, Jennifer (2019). Negotiating Strategies in New Orleans’s Memory-Work: White Fragility in the Politics of Removing Four Confederate-Inspired MonumentsJournal of Cultural Geography36(3): 346367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simko, Christina, Cunningham, David, and Fox, Nicole (2020). Contesting Commemorative Landscapes: Confederate Monuments and Trajectories of Change. Social Problems.Google Scholar
Stein, Sharon (2016). Universities, Slavery, and the Unthought of Anti-BlacknessCultural Dynamics28(2): 169187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, Sharon (2017). A Colonial History of the Higher Education Present: Rethinking Land-Grant Institutions through Processes of Accumulation and Relations of ConquestCritical Studies in Education61(2): 212228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strother, Logan, Piston, Spencer, and Ogorzalek, Thomas (2017). Pride or Prejudice?: Racial Prejudice, Southern Heritage, and White Support for the Confederate Battle FlagDu Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 14(1): 295323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
TallBear, Kim. (2021). “We Are Not Your Dead Ancestors”: Playing Indian and White Possession. Keynote address, National Conference on Race and Ethnicity. June 9.Google Scholar
Tisch, Julia (2018). Op-Ed: Head director reflects on Elephant Walk. The Battalion. November 28.Google Scholar
Taylor, Diana (2003). The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, Diana (2012). Performance. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Rob, Walker (2016). The Shifting Symbolism of the Gadsden Flag. The New Yorker Magazine, October 2. https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-shifting-symbolism-of-the-gadsden-flag (accessed December 1, 2021).Google Scholar
Wheeler, Frank (1998). “Our Confederate Dead”: The Story Behind Savannah’s Confederate MonumentThe Georgia Historical Quarterly82(2): 382397.Google Scholar
Whites, LeAnn (2004). You Can’t Change History By Moving a Rock: Gender, Race, and the Cultural Politics of Confederate Memorialization. In Fahs, Alice and Waugh, Joan (Eds.), The Memory of the Civil War in American Culture, pp. 213236. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, Charles Reagan (1980). Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 1865–1920. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar