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Mites, Mildew and Anheuser-Busch: How Pests, Big Beer, and Hops Shaped the Craft Brewing Industry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 May 2024

Abstract

The American craft beer industry’s creation narrative is rooted in countercultural food politics. Popular stories describe how plucky brewers pioneered complex and hoppy beers that revolutionized a bland American beer industry dominated by industrial lagers. Hops are now the most celebrated ingredient in the craft beer industry and serve as visual representations of the artisanal and revolutionary values of small brewers that contrasts with the industrial and bland products of the nation’s massive lager brewers. The history of hops and brewing presented here, however, demonstrates the connections between big and small brewers and the environmental impacts of craft brewers’ hoppy beers otherwise obscured by their preferred dichotomous narrative. Craft beer grew in tandem with the modern hop industry and became enmeshed with big business and industrial agricultural practices to access their signature commodity, hops. By integrating environmental and business history, this article explores how brewers, scientists, farmers, and nonhumans influenced each other to create the modern craft brewing industry. This approach demonstrates the often-obscured connections between big and small firms by examining the environments, organisms, and supply chains they depend upon.

Type
Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Business History Conference

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References

Bibliography of Works Cited

Acitelli, Tom. The Audacity of Hops: The History of America’s Craft Beer Revolution. Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Alworth, Jeff. The Beer Bible. New York: Workman Publishing, 2015.Google Scholar
Baron, Stanley. Brewed in America: A History of Beer and Ale in the United States. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1962.Google Scholar
Barth, Heinrich Joh., Kline, Christiane, and Schmidt, Claus. The Hop Atlas: The History and Geography of the Cultivated Plant. Nuremberg: Joh. Barth & Sohn, 1994.Google Scholar
Belasco, Warren. Appetite for Change: How the Counterculture Took on the Food Industry. 2nd ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Berghoff, Hartmut, and Rome, Adam, eds. Green Capitalism?: Business and the Environment in the Twentieth Century. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobrow-Strain, Aaron. White Bread: A Social History of the Store-Bought Loaf. Boston: Beacon Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Boerboom, Sam, ed. The Political Language of Food. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2015.Google Scholar
Cochran, Thomas C. The Pabst Brewing Company: The History of an American Business. New York: New York University Press, 1944.Google Scholar
Daniel, Pete. Toxic Drift: Pesticides and Health in the Post-World War II South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Davis, Frederick Rowe. Banned: A History of Pesticides and the Science of Toxicology. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
DeSalle, Rob, and Tattersall, Ian. A Natural History of Beer. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
DiSorbo, Dan. The Book of Hops. New York: 10 Speed Press, 2022.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, Deborah Kay. Every Farm a Factory: The Industrial Ideal in American Agriculture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossman, Ken. Beyond the Pale: The Story of the Sierra Nevada Brewing Company. Hoboken: Wiley, 2014.Google Scholar
Hieronymus, Stan. For the Love of Hops: The Practical Guide to Aroma, Bitterness and the Culture of Hops. Boulder, CO: Brewers Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Hindy, Steve. The Craft Beer Revolution: How a Band of Microbrewers is Transforming the World’s Favorite Drink. New York: Palgrave-MacMillian, 2014.Google Scholar
Hodder, Ian. Entangled: An Archeology of the Relationship Between Humans and Things. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kopp, Peter A. Hoptopia: A World of Agriculture and Beer in Oregon’s Willamette Valley. Oakland: University of California Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, Dennis M. Hop King: Ezra Meeker’s Boom Years. Pullman: Washington State University, 2016.Google Scholar
LeCain, Timothy J. The Matter of History: How Things Create the Past. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mart, Michelle. Pesticides, A Love Story: America’s Enduring Embrace of Dangerous Chemicals. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCook, Stuart. Coffee is Not Forever: A Global History of Coffee Leaf Rust. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ogle, Maureen. Ambitious Brew: The Story of American Beer. Orlando: Harcourt Inc., 2006.Google Scholar
Russel, Edmund. War and Nature: Fighting Humans and Insects with Chemicals from World War I to Silent Spring. New York: Cambridge University, 2006.Google Scholar
Scranton, Phil. Endless Novelty: Specialty Production and American Industrialization, 1865–1925. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soluri, John. Banana Cultures: Agriculture, Consumption, and Environmental Change in Honduras and the United States. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Tomlan, Michael A. Tinged with Gold: Hop Culture in the United States. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Unger, Richard W. Beer in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alavanja, Michael C.R., Hoppin, Jane A., and Kamel, Freya. “Health Effects of Chronic Pesticide Exposure: Cancer and Neurotoxicity.” Annual Review of Public Health 25 (2004): 155197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Becham, Nikol. “Entrepreneurial Leisure and the Microbrew Revolution: The Neoliberal Origins of the Craft Beer Movement.” In Untapped: Exploring the Cultural Dimension of Craft Beer, edited by Chapman, Nathaniel G., Lellock, J. Slade, and Lippard, Cameron D.. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Bruhl, Carsten A., and Zaller, Johann G.. “Biodiversity Decline as a Consequence of an Inappropriate Environmental Risk Assessment of Pesticides.” Frontiers in Environmental Science 7 (October 2019): 14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bressman, E.N.Report of Hop Breeding.” Corvallis: Oregon State University Extension Service, 1931.Google Scholar
Cost, Lucio G.Organophosphorus Compounds at 80: Some Old and New Issues.” Toxicological Sciences 162, no. 1 (2018): 2435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dušek, Martin, Jandovská, Vladimíra, and Olšovská, Jana. “Tracking, Behavior and Fate of 58 Pesticides Originated from Hops During Beer Brewing.” Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 66, no. 38 (September 2018): 1011310121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Féchir, Michael, Weaver, Garrett, Roy, Curtis, and Shellhammer, Thomas H.. “Exploring the Regional Identity of Cascade and Mosaic® Hops Grown at Different Locations in Oregon and Washington.” Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 81, no. 3 (2023): 480492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gent, D.H., Claassen, B.J., Wiseman, M.S., and Wolfenbarger, S.N.. “Temperature Influences on Powdery Mildew Susceptibility and Development in the Hop Cultivar Cascade.” Plant Diseases 106, no. 6 (2022): 16811689.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
George, Ann. “U.S. Hop Acreage Trends Alpha & Aroma Varieties 1996-2000.” 2000 Statistical Report. Seattle: Hop Growers of America, 2001.Google Scholar
Hoerner, G.R. “Comparison of Spray Nozzles for Effective Spraying of Hops for Downy Mildew.” Corvallis: Agricultural Experiment Station, 1937.Google Scholar
Hoerner, G.R. “Downy Mildew of Hops.” Extension Bulletin no. 440. March 1932.Google Scholar
Hoerner, G.R.The Relation of the Climatology of Western Oregon to the Incidence and Control of Downy Mildew of Hops.” The Plant Disease Reporter 23, no. 22 (December 1, 1939).Google Scholar
Hop Growers of America. Good Bines Biannual Issue 3, March 17, 2022.Google Scholar
Hop Growers of America. “U.S. Hop Acreage Trends Alpha & Aroma Varieties 1996-2000.” 2000 Statistical Report. Seattle: HGA, 2001.Google Scholar
Hop Growers of America. “2020 Statistical Report.” Pullman, WA: Hop Grower of America, 2021.Google Scholar
Hop Growers of America. “2022 08-03 USHIPPC MRL [Maximum Residue Level] Chart.” Hop Growers of America, August 2022.Google Scholar
Higgins, Douglas S., Miles, Timothy D., and Hausbeck, Mary K.. “Fungicide Efficacy Against Pseudoperonospora humuli and Point Mutations Linked to Carboxylic Acid Amide Resistance in Michigan.” Plant Diseases 105, no. 7 (2021): 18801889.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ivey, Melanie L. Lewis, and Miller, Sally A.. “Hops Downy Mildew.” Agriculture and Natural Resources, June 2018.Google Scholar
McGahan, A.M.The Emergence of the National Brewing Oligopoly: Competition in the American Market, 1933-1958.” The Business History Review 65, no. 2 (1991): 229284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mostafalou, Sara, and Abdollahi, Mohammad. “Pesticides and Human Chronic Diseases: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Perspectives.” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 268 (2013): 157177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murakami, A., Darby, P., Javornik, B., Pais, M.S.S., Seigner, E., Lutz, A., and Svoboda, P.. “Molecular Phylogeny of Wild Hops, Humulus lupulus LHereditary 97 (2006): 6674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pilcher, Jeffrey M.Hop Movements: The Global Invention of Craft Beer.” In Food Mobilities: Making World Cuisine, edited by Bender, Daniel E. and Cinotto, Simone. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2023.Google Scholar
Rice, Jeff. “Professional Purity: Revolutionary Writing in the Craft Beer Industry.” Journal of Business and Technical Communication 30, no. 2 (2016): 236261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosen, Christine Meisner, and Sellers, Christopher. “The Nature of the Firm: Towards an Ecocultural History of Business.” Business History Review 73 (Winter, 1999): 577600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosen, Christine Meisner. “The Business-Environment Connection.” Environmental History 10, no. 1 (2005): 7779.Google Scholar
Stack, Martin. “Local and Regional Breweries in America’s Brewing Industry, 1865 to 1920.” The Business History Review 74, no. 3 (2000): 435463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stack, Martin. “Was Big Beautiful? The Rise of National Breweries in America’s Pre-Prohibition Brewing Industry.” Journal of Macromarketing 30, no. 1 (2010): 5060.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, Samuel F., et al.Challenges and Opportunities for Organic Hop Production in the United States.” Agronomy Journal 103, no. 6 (2011): 16451654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
USDA, National Hop Report 2022. Washington, D.C.: National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2022.Google Scholar
Walsh, Douglas B., O’Neal, Sally D., George, Ann E., Groenendale, Daniel P., Henderson, Ruth E., Groenendale, Geoffrey M., and Hengel, Matt J.. “Evaluation of Pesticide Residues from Conventional, Organic, and Nontreated Hops: Conventionally Hopped, Late Hopped, and Wet-Hopped Beers.” Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 74, no. 1 (2016): 5356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiles, Richard. “Case Studies of the EPA’s Application of the Delaney Clause in Tolerance-Setting Process.” In Regulating Pesticides in Food: the Delaney Paradox, Washington D.C.: National Academies Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Boston GlobeGoogle Scholar
Brew BoundGoogle Scholar
Brewers DigestGoogle Scholar
Brooklyn Daily EagleGoogle Scholar
Craft Beer and BrewingGoogle Scholar
Imbibe MagazineGoogle Scholar
Indie Hops: In Hop Pursuit BlogGoogle Scholar
New York TimesGoogle Scholar
Oakland TribuneGoogle Scholar
Outside MagazineGoogle Scholar
Smithsonian MagazineGoogle Scholar
Spokesman-Review (Spokane, Washington)Google Scholar
Tri-City Herald (Pasco, Washington)Google Scholar
Agricultural Experiment Station Records, 1889-2002 (RG 025), Oregon Hops and Brewing Archives (OHBA), Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.Google Scholar
Beer and Craft Brewing Oral History Interviews, The Hagley Museum, Wilmington, Delaware.Google Scholar
Hop Growers of America Records, 1956-2011 (MSS HGA), Oregon Hops and Brewing Archives (OHBA), Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.Google Scholar
Hop Research Council Records, 1943-2009 (MSS HRC), Oregon Hops and Brewing Archives (OHBA), Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.Google Scholar
Oral History Collection, Oregon Hops and Brewing Archives (OHBA), Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.Google Scholar
Acitelli, Tom. The Audacity of Hops: The History of America’s Craft Beer Revolution. Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Alworth, Jeff. The Beer Bible. New York: Workman Publishing, 2015.Google Scholar
Baron, Stanley. Brewed in America: A History of Beer and Ale in the United States. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1962.Google Scholar
Barth, Heinrich Joh., Kline, Christiane, and Schmidt, Claus. The Hop Atlas: The History and Geography of the Cultivated Plant. Nuremberg: Joh. Barth & Sohn, 1994.Google Scholar
Belasco, Warren. Appetite for Change: How the Counterculture Took on the Food Industry. 2nd ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Berghoff, Hartmut, and Rome, Adam, eds. Green Capitalism?: Business and the Environment in the Twentieth Century. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobrow-Strain, Aaron. White Bread: A Social History of the Store-Bought Loaf. Boston: Beacon Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Boerboom, Sam, ed. The Political Language of Food. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2015.Google Scholar
Cochran, Thomas C. The Pabst Brewing Company: The History of an American Business. New York: New York University Press, 1944.Google Scholar
Daniel, Pete. Toxic Drift: Pesticides and Health in the Post-World War II South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Davis, Frederick Rowe. Banned: A History of Pesticides and the Science of Toxicology. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
DeSalle, Rob, and Tattersall, Ian. A Natural History of Beer. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
DiSorbo, Dan. The Book of Hops. New York: 10 Speed Press, 2022.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, Deborah Kay. Every Farm a Factory: The Industrial Ideal in American Agriculture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossman, Ken. Beyond the Pale: The Story of the Sierra Nevada Brewing Company. Hoboken: Wiley, 2014.Google Scholar
Hieronymus, Stan. For the Love of Hops: The Practical Guide to Aroma, Bitterness and the Culture of Hops. Boulder, CO: Brewers Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Hindy, Steve. The Craft Beer Revolution: How a Band of Microbrewers is Transforming the World’s Favorite Drink. New York: Palgrave-MacMillian, 2014.Google Scholar
Hodder, Ian. Entangled: An Archeology of the Relationship Between Humans and Things. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kopp, Peter A. Hoptopia: A World of Agriculture and Beer in Oregon’s Willamette Valley. Oakland: University of California Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, Dennis M. Hop King: Ezra Meeker’s Boom Years. Pullman: Washington State University, 2016.Google Scholar
LeCain, Timothy J. The Matter of History: How Things Create the Past. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mart, Michelle. Pesticides, A Love Story: America’s Enduring Embrace of Dangerous Chemicals. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCook, Stuart. Coffee is Not Forever: A Global History of Coffee Leaf Rust. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ogle, Maureen. Ambitious Brew: The Story of American Beer. Orlando: Harcourt Inc., 2006.Google Scholar
Russel, Edmund. War and Nature: Fighting Humans and Insects with Chemicals from World War I to Silent Spring. New York: Cambridge University, 2006.Google Scholar
Scranton, Phil. Endless Novelty: Specialty Production and American Industrialization, 1865–1925. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soluri, John. Banana Cultures: Agriculture, Consumption, and Environmental Change in Honduras and the United States. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Tomlan, Michael A. Tinged with Gold: Hop Culture in the United States. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Unger, Richard W. Beer in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alavanja, Michael C.R., Hoppin, Jane A., and Kamel, Freya. “Health Effects of Chronic Pesticide Exposure: Cancer and Neurotoxicity.” Annual Review of Public Health 25 (2004): 155197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Becham, Nikol. “Entrepreneurial Leisure and the Microbrew Revolution: The Neoliberal Origins of the Craft Beer Movement.” In Untapped: Exploring the Cultural Dimension of Craft Beer, edited by Chapman, Nathaniel G., Lellock, J. Slade, and Lippard, Cameron D.. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Bruhl, Carsten A., and Zaller, Johann G.. “Biodiversity Decline as a Consequence of an Inappropriate Environmental Risk Assessment of Pesticides.” Frontiers in Environmental Science 7 (October 2019): 14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bressman, E.N.Report of Hop Breeding.” Corvallis: Oregon State University Extension Service, 1931.Google Scholar
Cost, Lucio G.Organophosphorus Compounds at 80: Some Old and New Issues.” Toxicological Sciences 162, no. 1 (2018): 2435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dušek, Martin, Jandovská, Vladimíra, and Olšovská, Jana. “Tracking, Behavior and Fate of 58 Pesticides Originated from Hops During Beer Brewing.” Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 66, no. 38 (September 2018): 1011310121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Féchir, Michael, Weaver, Garrett, Roy, Curtis, and Shellhammer, Thomas H.. “Exploring the Regional Identity of Cascade and Mosaic® Hops Grown at Different Locations in Oregon and Washington.” Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 81, no. 3 (2023): 480492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gent, D.H., Claassen, B.J., Wiseman, M.S., and Wolfenbarger, S.N.. “Temperature Influences on Powdery Mildew Susceptibility and Development in the Hop Cultivar Cascade.” Plant Diseases 106, no. 6 (2022): 16811689.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
George, Ann. “U.S. Hop Acreage Trends Alpha & Aroma Varieties 1996-2000.” 2000 Statistical Report. Seattle: Hop Growers of America, 2001.Google Scholar
Hoerner, G.R. “Comparison of Spray Nozzles for Effective Spraying of Hops for Downy Mildew.” Corvallis: Agricultural Experiment Station, 1937.Google Scholar
Hoerner, G.R. “Downy Mildew of Hops.” Extension Bulletin no. 440. March 1932.Google Scholar
Hoerner, G.R.The Relation of the Climatology of Western Oregon to the Incidence and Control of Downy Mildew of Hops.” The Plant Disease Reporter 23, no. 22 (December 1, 1939).Google Scholar
Hop Growers of America. Good Bines Biannual Issue 3, March 17, 2022.Google Scholar
Hop Growers of America. “U.S. Hop Acreage Trends Alpha & Aroma Varieties 1996-2000.” 2000 Statistical Report. Seattle: HGA, 2001.Google Scholar
Hop Growers of America. “2020 Statistical Report.” Pullman, WA: Hop Grower of America, 2021.Google Scholar
Hop Growers of America. “2022 08-03 USHIPPC MRL [Maximum Residue Level] Chart.” Hop Growers of America, August 2022.Google Scholar
Higgins, Douglas S., Miles, Timothy D., and Hausbeck, Mary K.. “Fungicide Efficacy Against Pseudoperonospora humuli and Point Mutations Linked to Carboxylic Acid Amide Resistance in Michigan.” Plant Diseases 105, no. 7 (2021): 18801889.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ivey, Melanie L. Lewis, and Miller, Sally A.. “Hops Downy Mildew.” Agriculture and Natural Resources, June 2018.Google Scholar
McGahan, A.M.The Emergence of the National Brewing Oligopoly: Competition in the American Market, 1933-1958.” The Business History Review 65, no. 2 (1991): 229284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mostafalou, Sara, and Abdollahi, Mohammad. “Pesticides and Human Chronic Diseases: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Perspectives.” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 268 (2013): 157177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murakami, A., Darby, P., Javornik, B., Pais, M.S.S., Seigner, E., Lutz, A., and Svoboda, P.. “Molecular Phylogeny of Wild Hops, Humulus lupulus LHereditary 97 (2006): 6674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pilcher, Jeffrey M.Hop Movements: The Global Invention of Craft Beer.” In Food Mobilities: Making World Cuisine, edited by Bender, Daniel E. and Cinotto, Simone. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2023.Google Scholar
Rice, Jeff. “Professional Purity: Revolutionary Writing in the Craft Beer Industry.” Journal of Business and Technical Communication 30, no. 2 (2016): 236261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosen, Christine Meisner, and Sellers, Christopher. “The Nature of the Firm: Towards an Ecocultural History of Business.” Business History Review 73 (Winter, 1999): 577600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosen, Christine Meisner. “The Business-Environment Connection.” Environmental History 10, no. 1 (2005): 7779.Google Scholar
Stack, Martin. “Local and Regional Breweries in America’s Brewing Industry, 1865 to 1920.” The Business History Review 74, no. 3 (2000): 435463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stack, Martin. “Was Big Beautiful? The Rise of National Breweries in America’s Pre-Prohibition Brewing Industry.” Journal of Macromarketing 30, no. 1 (2010): 5060.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, Samuel F., et al.Challenges and Opportunities for Organic Hop Production in the United States.” Agronomy Journal 103, no. 6 (2011): 16451654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
USDA, National Hop Report 2022. Washington, D.C.: National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2022.Google Scholar
Walsh, Douglas B., O’Neal, Sally D., George, Ann E., Groenendale, Daniel P., Henderson, Ruth E., Groenendale, Geoffrey M., and Hengel, Matt J.. “Evaluation of Pesticide Residues from Conventional, Organic, and Nontreated Hops: Conventionally Hopped, Late Hopped, and Wet-Hopped Beers.” Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 74, no. 1 (2016): 5356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiles, Richard. “Case Studies of the EPA’s Application of the Delaney Clause in Tolerance-Setting Process.” In Regulating Pesticides in Food: the Delaney Paradox, Washington D.C.: National Academies Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Boston GlobeGoogle Scholar
Brew BoundGoogle Scholar
Brewers DigestGoogle Scholar
Brooklyn Daily EagleGoogle Scholar
Craft Beer and BrewingGoogle Scholar
Imbibe MagazineGoogle Scholar
Indie Hops: In Hop Pursuit BlogGoogle Scholar
New York TimesGoogle Scholar
Oakland TribuneGoogle Scholar
Outside MagazineGoogle Scholar
Smithsonian MagazineGoogle Scholar
Spokesman-Review (Spokane, Washington)Google Scholar
Tri-City Herald (Pasco, Washington)Google Scholar
Agricultural Experiment Station Records, 1889-2002 (RG 025), Oregon Hops and Brewing Archives (OHBA), Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.Google Scholar
Beer and Craft Brewing Oral History Interviews, The Hagley Museum, Wilmington, Delaware.Google Scholar
Hop Growers of America Records, 1956-2011 (MSS HGA), Oregon Hops and Brewing Archives (OHBA), Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.Google Scholar
Hop Research Council Records, 1943-2009 (MSS HRC), Oregon Hops and Brewing Archives (OHBA), Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.Google Scholar
Oral History Collection, Oregon Hops and Brewing Archives (OHBA), Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.Google Scholar