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The legacy of a crowded ocean: indicators, status, and trends of anthropogenic pressures in the California Current ecosystem

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 August 2014

KELLY S. ANDREWS ,
GREGORY D. WILLIAMS ,
JAMEAL F. SAMHOURI ,
KRISTIN N. MARSHALL ,
VLADLENA GERTSEVA  and
PHILLIP S. LEVIN
KELLY S. ANDREWS*
Affiliation:
Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
GREGORY D. WILLIAMS
Affiliation:
Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
JAMEAL F. SAMHOURI
Affiliation:
Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
KRISTIN N. MARSHALL
Affiliation:
Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
VLADLENA GERTSEVA
Affiliation:
Fishery Resource, Analysis and Monitoring Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
PHILLIP S. LEVIN
Affiliation:
Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
*
*Correspondence: Kelly Andrews e-mail: kelly.andrews@noaa.gov
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Summary

As human population size and demand for seafood and other marine resources increase, understanding the influence of human activities in the ocean and on land becomes increasingly critical to the management and conservation of marine resources. In order to account for human influence on marine ecosystems while making management decisions, linkages between various anthropogenic pressures and ecosystem components need to be determined. Those linkages cannot be drawn until it is known how different pressures have been changing over time. This paper identifies indicators and develops time series for 22 anthropogenic pressures acting on the USA's portion of the California Current ecosystem. Time series suggest that seven pressures have decreased and two have increased over the short term, while five pressures were above and two pressures were below long-term means. Cumulative indices of anthropogenic pressures suggest a slight decrease in pressures in the 2000s compared to the preceding few decades. Dynamic factor analysis revealed four common trends that sufficiently explained the temporal variation found among all anthropogenic pressures. This reduced set of time series will be a useful tool to determine whether links exist between individual or multiple pressures and various ecosystem components.

Keywords

cumulative effectsenergy developmenthuman activitiesmarine ecosystemsmultiple pressuresocean managementpollutionstressorstransportationtoxics
Type
Papers
Information
Environmental Conservation , Volume 42 , Issue 2 , June 2015 , pp. 139 - 151
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 2014 

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