Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vvkck Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-29T01:05:38.844Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Clostridium botulinum in the lakes and waterways of London

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 May 2009

G. R. Smith
Affiliation:
Nuffield Institute of Comparative Medicine, The Zoological Society of London, Regent/s Park, London NW 1
Caroline J. Moryson
Affiliation:
Nuffield Institute of Comparative Medicine, The Zoological Society of London, Regent/s Park, London NW 1
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Mud samples collected during 1974 from a large proportion of the lakes and waterways of London were examined for Clostridium botulinum. Of 69 such sites, 50 (72·5%) contained at least one type of the organism. Of the 50 positive sites, 31, 12, 1 and 10 contained, respectively, types B, C, D and E. Most of the demonstrations of type B required trypsinization of culture filtrates. An examination of 7 lakes in Edinburgh, made for the purpose of comparison, showed that 4 contained type B and one type C.

An analysis of the results gave quantitative information on the value of (1) resampling apparently negative lakes, (2) the use of both heated and unheated culture inocula, and (3) trypsinization of culture filtrates.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1975

References

REFERENCES

Baird-Parker, A. C. (1969). Medical and veterinary significance of spore-forming bacteria and their spores. The Bacterial Spore (ed. Gould, G. W. and Hurst, A.), p. 517. London and New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Bowmer, E. J. (1963). Preparation and assay of the international standards for Clostridium botulinum types A, B, C, D and E antitoxins. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 29, 701.Google Scholar
Burns, G. F. & Williams, H. (1975). Clostridium botulinum in Scottish fish farms and farmed trout. Journal of Hygiene 74, 1.Google Scholar
Cann, D. C., Wilson, B. B., Hobbs, G., Shewan, J. M. & Johannsen, A. (1965). The incidence of Clostridium botulinum type E in fish and bottom deposits in the North Sea and off the coast of Scandinavia. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 28, 426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duff, J. T., Wright, G. G. & Yarinsky, A. (1956). Activation of Clostridium botulinum type E toxin by trypsin. Journal of Bacteriology 72, 455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fay, L. D. (1966). Type E botulism in Great Lakes water birds. Transactions of the 31st North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, p. 139.Google Scholar
Gross, W. B. & Smith, L. DS. (1971). Experimental botulism in gallinaceous birds. Avian Diseases 15, 716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haagsma, J. (1974). Etiology and epidemiology of botulism in water-fowl in the Netherlands. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde 99, 434.Google Scholar
Haines, R. B. (1942). The occurrence of toxigenic anaerobes, especially Clostridium botulinum, in some English soils. Journal of Hygiene 42, 323.Google Scholar
Huss, H. H. & Pedersen, A. (1973). Distribution of Clostridium botulinum in Danish trout farms. Measures to reduce the contamination of fish before slaughter. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium, World Association of Veterinary Food Hygienists,paper no. 24.Google Scholar
Kanzawa, K., Ono, T., Karashimada, T. & Iida, H. (1970). Distribution of Clostridium botulinum type E in Hokkaido, Japan. Proceedings of the 1st U.S.—Japan Conference on Toxic Micro-organisms. Mycotoxins and Botulism, 7–10 October 1968 (ed. Herzberg, M.), p. 299. Washington, D.C.: U.J.N.R. Joint Panels on Toxic Micro-organisms and the U.S. Department of the Interior.Google Scholar
Kravchenko, A. T. & Shishulina, L. M. (1967). Distribution of Clostridium botulinum in soil and water in the U.S.S.R. In Botulism 1966. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Food Microbiology, Moscow, July 1966 (ed. Ingram, M. and Roberts, T. A.). London: Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Leighton, G. R. (1923). Report of the circumstances attending the deaths of eight persons from botulism at Loch Maree (Ross-shire). Report of the Scottish Board of Health. Edinburghy: H.M. Sationery Office.Google Scholar
Leighton, G. R. & Buxton, J. B. (1928). The distribution of Bacillus botulinus in Scottish soils. Journal of Hygiene 28, 79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacKay-scollay, E. M. (1958). Two cases of botulism. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 75, 482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, K. F. (1956). The status of botulism as a world health problem. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 15, 281.Google ScholarPubMed
Meyer, K. F. & Dubovsky, B. J. (1922 a) The distribution of the spores of B. botulinus in California. II. Journal of Infectious Diseases 31, 541.Google Scholar
Meyer, K. F. & Dubovsky, B. J. (1922 b). The occurrence of the spores of B. botulinus in Belgium, Denmark, England, the Netherlands and Switzerland: VI. Journal of Infectious Diseases 31, 600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Public Health Laboratory Service (1972). Why do we escape botulism? P.H.L.S. Year book, p. 16.Google Scholar
Roberts, R. S. (1959). Clostridial diseases. Infectious Diseases of Animals. Diseases due to Bacteria, vol.I (ed. Stableforth, A. W. and Galloway, I. A.), p. 160. London: ButterworthsGoogle Scholar
Roberts, T. A., Keymer, I. F., Borland, E. D. & Smith, G. R. (1972). Botulism in birds and mammals in Great Britain. Veterinary Record 91, 11.Google Scholar