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What Are Bucrania Doing in Tombs? Art and Agency in Neolithic Sardinia and Traditional South-East Asia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 March 2017

Guillaume Robin
Guillaume Robin*
Affiliation:
School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, UK
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Abstract

The interior of Neolithic tombs in Europe is frequently decorated with carved and painted motifs. In Sardinia (Italy), 116 rock-cut tombs have their walls covered with bucrania (schematic depictions of cattle head and horns), which have long been interpreted as representations of a bull-like divinity. This article reviews similar examples of bucranium ‘art’ in the tombs of three traditional societies in South-East Asia, focusing on the agency of the motifs and their roles within social relationships between the living, the dead, and the spiritual world. From these ethnographic examples and the archaeological evidence in Sardinia, it is suggested that bucrania in Neolithic tombs were a specialized form of material culture that had multiple, cumulative effects and functions associated with social display, memory, reproduction, death, and protection.

L'intérieur des tombes néolithiques européennes est fréquemment décoré de motifs gravés et peints. En Sardaigne (Italie), 116 tombes hypogées ont leurs murs ornés de bucranes (têtes and cornes bovines schématiques), qui ont longtemps été interprétés comme des représentations d'une divinité taurine. Cet article examine des exemples similaires de bucranes dans trois sociétés traditionnelles du Sud-est asiatique, avec une attention particulière sur l'agentivité des motifs et leurs rôles au sein des relations sociales unissant les vivants, les morts et le monde surnaturel. Sur la base de ces exemples ethnographiques et des données archéologiques en Sardaigne, nous proposons que les bucranes des tombes néolithiques constituaient une forme spécialisée de culture matérielle aux fonctions et effets multiples et cumulatifs, associées à l'affichage social, la commémoration, la reproduction, la mort et la protection.

In Europa waren die neolithischen Steingräber oft mit gemeißelten und bemalten Motiven innerhalb verziert. In Sardinien (Italien) sind die Wände von 116 Felsgräbern mit Bukranien verziert. Diese schematischen Darstellungen von Rinderköpfen und Hörnern hat man lang als Bildnisse einer Gottheit in der Form eines Stieres angesehen. In diesem Artikel werden ähnliche Beispiele von Bukranion-Kunst in den Gräbern von traditionellen Gesellschaften in Südost-Asien besprochen und die Wirkung der Motive und deren Rolle innerhalb der sozialen Beziehungen zwischen den Toten, den Lebenden und der geistigen Welt werden besonders ausgewertet. Diese ethnografischen Beispiele und die archäologischen Funde aus Sardinien deuten darauf hin, dass die Bukranien in den neolithischen Gräbern eine spezialisierte Form der materiellen Kultur darstellten, in denen mehrere, kumulative Wirkungen und Funktionen, die mit Auffassungen über gesellschaftliche Anerkennung, Erinnerung, Tod und Schutz verknüpft waren, einbezogen waren. Translation by Madeleine Hummler

Keywords

Neolithic artagencyrock-cut tombsSardiniacattleSouth-East Asian ethnographyart néolithiqueagentivitétombes hypogéesSardaignebovinsethnographie du Sud-est asiatiqueneolithische KunstWirkungFelsgräberSardinienRinderSüdost-AsienEthnografie
Type
Articles
Information
European Journal of Archaeology , Volume 20 , Issue 4 , November 2017 , pp. 603 - 635
Copyright
Copyright © European Association of Archaeologists 2017 

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