Introduction. Senegal produces up to 150,000 t of fruit, of which 60,000 t are mangoes. Fruit production is important for the Niayes region, where 60% of total production is of mangoes, with citrus production coming next at 24%. Mango losses have become more substantial since the arrival of Bactrocera invadens in Senegal. The pest population increases in the mango ripening period, but little is known about its secondary hosts. Materials and methods. Fruits of cultivated and wild plants were collected regularly from April to December 2008 inside and around 19 orchards in eleven localities in the Niayes and Thiès areas in Senegal. The samples were monitored to identify any fruit flies present so that a list of host plants could be compiled. For mango, the study focused on establishing the influence of certain parameters such as the variety, the fruit size, the color, the flowering pattern and the physiological levels of infestation due to B. invadens and Ceratitis cosyra. Orchards were classified either as traditional (many mango varieties and many fruit species grown together in a stand) or intensive (fields of monovarietal mango trees), according to their composition and how they were managed. Results and discussion. A total of 663.2 kg of fruit, including those of 24 mango varieties, 13 citrus species with five lime varieties, two orange varieties and four pomelo varieties along with other cultivated and wild plants, were sampled both as fallen fruit and from the trees. Traditional orchards were more infested than the modern ones. B. invadens was significantly dominant over the other flies emerging such as C. cosyra, C. capitata, C. punctata, C. bremii, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Capparimyia bipustulata, Carpomyia sp. and Dacus sp. B. invadens was found on the 24 varieties of Mangifera indica, the 13 citrus species, and the other cultivated plants and wild plants sampled. Some host plants supported a relatively high level of fruit flies before the mango ripening period. Mangifera indica was infested principally by B. invadens and C. cosyra. C. cosyra was significantly present on the first fruit trees to flower, mostly in early varieties, while B. invadens infested all the varieties whatever the fruit development stage, the color, or the flowering pattern. Conclusion. Because of the host plants' diversity and varieties the traditional orchards were more infested than the modern ones. The management of this pest needs an Integrated Pest Management system based on a back-to-basics study of the infesting fruit flies, existing parasitoids and their hosts.

Introduction. In the water-saving and income-generating agroforestry cropping systems developed and promoted by the ICRISAT in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of West Africa, particularly in Niger, fruits of domesticated Ziziphus mauritiana (“apples of the Sahel”) are severely damaged by fruit flies (Carpomya incompleta), and chemical pesticide application poses economic, environmental and human health problems. In the Bio-reclamation of Degraded Lands (BDL) system, apple of the Sahel is the main high-value crop, while in the Dryland Eco-Farm (DEF), it is grown alongside watermelon. Sclerocarya birrea (marula plum) is presently being investigated as a dryland tree species for fruit and oil production, either in orchards or such systems as BDL. Materials and methods. To complete preliminary results of earlier studies published elsewhere, we collected and incubated in 2010 ripe fruits of marula plum and watermelon in Sadoré, Niger, where the above-mentioned agroforestry systems are developed, and we recorded emerging fruit flies. We also conducted a spot-spraying experiment (using GF-120) in an apple of the Sahel orchard in Niamey in 2010; we recorded undamaged and damaged fruits and incubated the latter. In the same orchard, we set up in 2011 a fruit fly trapping survey targeting the invasive species Bactrocera invadens (Chempac® traps using methyl eugenol as the attractant). Results and discussion. The results showed that only Ceratitis cosyra emerged from marula plums, and only Dacus spp. from watermelon. The GF-120 spot-spraying experiment showed that C. incompleta was not attracted / intoxicated, contrary to Ceratitis spp. and Dacus spp.; the sprayed trees yielded significantly more marketable fruits than unsprayed ones; only C. incompleta emerged from damaged fruit. Detection trapping revealed for the first time the presence of B. invadens in the Sahelian zone of Niger, including at the time of apple of the Sahel fruit production. Conclusion. This, alongside results of earlier studies, suggests a repellent effect of GF-120 on the monophagous C. incompleta species (Trypetinae), while it is attractive to oligophagous/polyphagous Dacinae fruit flies; some of them (e.g., Dacus spp.) damage watermelon, which is part of the DEF system, and produce fruit at the same time as the jujube tree. The prospects for harnessing these two opposite regulation pathways are discussed.

Introduction. Du fait des conditions tropicales humides, le contrôle des adventices est un poste important et permanent dans les dépenses d’un producteur de fruits aux Antilles. La pratique du désherbage chimique est à ce jour la plus économique, mais l’utilisation récurrente d’herbicides dans les vergers de la Martinique conduit à une érosion des sols et à une pollution des eaux. Pour pallier l’usage d’herbicides, nous avons testé l’association de volailles à un verger productif afin d’en contrôler l’enherbement. Matériel et méthodes. Le dispositif a été installé sur une parcelle de 700 m2 subdivisée en sept placettes de 100 m 2. Deux placettes ont constitué les traitements témoins ; elles ont été fauchées à la débroussailleuse. Chacune des cinq autres placettes a été soumise au pâturage de 5 oies pendant une semaine, puis au pâturage de 20 poulets pendant la semaine suivante, puis laissée sans volailles pendant trois autres semaines. Trois cycles de telles rotations ont été observés. La production de biomasse par groupe botanique (poacées, cypéracées et autres) dans les placettes expérimentales a été mesurée chaque semaine pendant les trois cycles (4 mois). Une fois par mois l’indice de recouvrement par groupe botanique a été relevé. Résultats. La biomasse totale de la strate herbacée a diminué sur les placettes pâturées, ce qui a permis le contrôle biologique des adventices pendant quatre mois. La diversité floristique a diminué à cause de la sélection opérée par les volailles pour leur alimentation et le couvert s’est homogénéisé par l’augmentation du pourcentage de la biomasse des cypéracées dans la biomasse totale. Cette famille peu appétible pour les volailles s’est ainsi étendue sur toutes les placettes pâturées. Discussion. Le pâturage des volailles, des oies en particulier, s’est révélé être une méthode efficace pour la maîtrise de l’enherbement en verger. Cependant, dans le cas d’une forte proportion d’espèces non appétibles dans la strate herbacée, d’autres méthodes de désherbage devront être combinées. L’installation d’une couverture herbacée composée d’un mélange de plantes de couverture adaptées à l’association verger et volailles ainsi qu’une meilleure gestion de la rotation des animaux devront être envisagées pour optimiser cette technique.

Introduction. En Afrique de l’Ouest, plusieurs études ont révélé la richesse numérique des espèces composant les zones de forêts et savanes ainsi que la diversité de leurs utilisations. Parmi les espèces utilitaires, les lianes occupent une place importante car leurs fruits sont très prisés dans l’alimentation, la pharmacopée et l’artisanat ; elles sont de plus une source de revenus non négligeables pour les populations locales. Au Togo, les informations relatives aux lianes restent fragmentaires ; il nous est donc apparu urgent de recenser celles entrant dans l’alimentation humaine afin de proposer des mesures de conservation et de valorisation en leur faveur. Matériel et méthodes. Des enquêtes ethnobotaniques ont été réalisées sur un échantillon de 433 personnes dans 60 localités mono-ethniques regroupant 28 ethnies, dans quatre zones écologiques du Togo. Des interviews semi-structurées ont été effectuées pour la collecte d’informations. Les questions ont porté sur le nom vernaculaire des espèces fruitières, le moment d’apparition des fleurs et des fruits, ainsi que sur les autres utilisations des fruits. Ces enquêtes ethnobotaniques ont été complétées par des observations sur le terrain qui ont permis la réalisation de 215 relevés floristiques. Résultats. Au total, dix-sept espèces de lianes à fruits comestibles appartenant à 15 genres et 13 familles (dont essentiellement des Apocynaceae et des Rubiaceae) ont été recensées. Ces espèces produisent pour la plupart des fruits charnus (baies et drupes). Ils sont principalement consommés crus sur les lieux de cueillette, commercialisés sur les marchés locaux, ou utilisés à des fins condimentaires. Ils représentent une ressource alimentaire importante et fournissent un complément appréciable de revenus. Conclusion. Du fait de leur potentiel alimentaire et économique, la plupart des espèces lianescentes à fruits comestibles mériteraient d’être valorisées. Mais leur statut de plantes alimentaires sauvages et leur port lianescent constituent des facteurs qui handicapent leur valorisation.

Black persimmon in the literature. The persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) is a deciduous fruit tree originating in China. One type consisting of a group of similar cultivars is the black persimmon, which is a precious germplasm resource of China. Black persimmon is mainly distributed in the south of the Taihang Mountains in northern China. Black persimmon is astringent, though this astringency can now be removed easily via normal maturity of the fruit. The skin of the fruit is black and the flesh has abundant nutritional value, with vitamin C and carotene. Information given by a black persimmon orchard. A trial on black persimmon was carried out from 2003 to 2009 in Zhengzhou, Henan province, China. Plant growth, yields and phenological characteristics were studied. The fruit has a thick skin which assists in storage and transportation; it has excellent flavor and quality, making the fruit highly valued by producers, marketers and consumers. Key cultivation techniques. Practices to achieve high quality are reviewed such as the proper plant environment, tree planting and pruning, the soil management, the wintering and protection of young trees, and pest control.

Introduction. Apple fruit contains many compounds with positive effects on human health but even small pesticide residues from integrated production cause many food safety issues for consumers. Materials and methods. The apple fruits from different types of production: organic, integrated and two combined systems were analyzed. Their contents of sugars and organic acids were quantified with the use of HPLC with RI and UV detectors, and phenolic contents from apple skin and pulp were detected with HPLC-MS. Apple quality was also determined in terms of weight, firmness and color. Results. Organically produced fruits had 14% lower weight than integrated fruits, as well as 15% higher firmness and less green skin color than apples from the other three treatments. Among primary metabolites, the sum of sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose and sorbitol) as well as organic acids (malic and citric) was highest in the integrated production treatment. Among secondary metabolites, eighteen individual phenolic compounds were determined separately in apple peel and pulp. They were classified into four groups: hydroxycinnamic acids, flavan-3-ols, dihydrochalcones and flavonols. The majority of the identified compounds were dependent on the applied management system. Their concentrations were mainly highest in the organic treatment due to higher stress levels. The multivariate analysis of all monitored parameters placed organic production into one group and presented a similarity among the other three management systems.