Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-sjtt6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-16T23:39:44.310Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Thermal maturation of the Lower Palaeozoic strata of northern Greenland from conodont colour alteration index (CAI) data: implications for burial history and hydrocarbon exploration

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 May 2009

H. A. Armstrong
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Sciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
M. P. Smith
Affiliation:
School of Earth Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
R. J. Aldridge
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, University of Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
S. J. Tull
Affiliation:
Cambridge Arctic Shelf Programme, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK

Abstract

Conodont colour alteration data for the Lower Palaeozoic strata of the North Greenland carbonate platform indicate a pattern of increased thermal maturity northwards within the Franklinian Basin. There is little variation in values through the Canadian–Llandovery (Lower Ordovician–Lower Silurian) interval at any given locality. A simplified thermal model for the platform suggests that the predominant control of conodont colour alteration and thermal maturation was maximum depth of burial, which occurred during the mid- to late Silurian. A preliminary integrated scheme for conodont and organic thermal maturity indicators can be compiled from the data now available from North Greenland.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aldridge, R. J. 1984. Thermal metamorphism of the Silurian strata of the Oslo region assessed by conodont colour. Geological Magazine 121, 347–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldridge, R. J. 1986. Conodont palaeobiogeography and thermal maturation in the Caledonides. Journal of the Geological Society, London 143, 177–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldridge, R. J., Briggs, D. E. G., Clarkson, E. N. K. & Smith, M. P. 1986. The affinities of conodonts – new evidence from the Carboniferous of Edinburgh, Scotland. Lethaia 19, 279–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, P. A., Crampton, S. L. & Sinclair, H. D. 1991. The inception and early evolution of the North Alpine foreland basin. Basin Research 3, 143–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, H. A. 1990. Conodonts from the late Ordovician–early Silurian carbonate platform of North Greenland. Bulletin Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 159, 151 pp.Google Scholar
Armstrong, H. A. & Strens, M. R. 1987. Contact metamorphism of conodonts as a test of colour alteration index temperatures. In Conodonts: Investigative Techniques and Application (ed. Austin, R. L.), pp. 203‐9. Chichester: Ellis Horwood and British Micropalaeontological Society.Google Scholar
Beaumont, C. 1981. Foreland basins. Journal of Royal Astronomical and Geophysical Society 65, 291329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergström, S. M. 1981. Conodonts as paleotemperature tools in Ordovician rocks of the Caledonides and adjacent areas in Scandinavia and the British Isles. Geologiska föreningens i Stockholm förhandlingar 102, 377–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackwell, D. D. & Steele, J. L. 1989. Thermal conductivity of sedimentary rocks: measurement and significance. In Thermal History of Sedimentary Basins: Methods and Case Studies (eds Naeser, N. D. and McCulloh, T. H.), pp. 1337. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briggs, D. E. G., Clarkson, E. N. K. & Aldridge, R. J. 1983. The conodont animal. Lethaia 16, 114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, P. E. & Parsons, I. 1981. The Kap Washington Group Volcanics. Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 106, 65–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchardt, B., Christiansen, F. G., Nøhr-Hansen, H., Larsen, N. H. & Østfeldt, P. 1989. Composition of organic matter in source rocks. Bulletin Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 158, 32–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burgess, J. D. 1974. Microscopic examination of kerogen (dispersed organic matter) in petroleum exploration. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 153, 1930.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiansen, F. G. 1989. Review of the Lower Palaeozoic basin in North Greenland with special emphasis on petroleum geology. Bulletin Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 158, 1317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiansen, F. G. & Hansen, K. 1989. Timing of thermal episodes. Bulletin Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 158, 73–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiansen, F. G., Nøhr-Hansen, H., Rolle, F. & Wrang, P. 1985. Preliminary analysis of the hydrocarbon source rock potential of central and western North Greenland. Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 126, 117–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiansen, F. G., Boserup, J., Buchardt, B., Guvad, C., Hansen, K., Koch, C. J. W., Jensenius, J., Nielsen, G. S., Nøhr-Hansen, H., Stouge, S., Thomsen, E. & Østfeldt, P. 1989 a. Analytical programme and applied methods. Bulletin Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 158, 21–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiansen, F. G., Buchardt, B., Jensenius, J., Jepsen, H. F., Nøhr-Hansen, H., Thomsen, E. & Østfeldt, P. 1989 b. Bitumen occurrences. Bulletin Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 158, 6172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiansen, F. G., Koch, C. J. W., Nøhr-Hansen, H., Stouge, S., Thomsen, E. & Østfeldt, P. 1989 c. Thermal maturity. Bulletin Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 158, 4060.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Croxton, C. A., Dawes, P. R., Soper, N. J. & Thomsen, E. 1980. An occurrence of Tertiary shales from the Harder Fjord Fault, North Greenland fold belt, Peary Land. Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 101, 61–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawes, P. R. 1976. Precambrian to Tertiary of northern Greenland. In Geology of Greenland(eds Escher, A. and Watt, W. S.), pp. 248303. Copenhagen: GGU.Google Scholar
Dawes, P. R., Rex, D. C. & Soper, N. J. 1983. Routine K/Ar age determination on post-Silurian dolerite dykes, North Greenland fold belt. Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 115, 914.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawes, P. R. & Soper, N. J. 1973. Pre-Quaternary history of North Greenland. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 19, 117–34.Google Scholar
Dow, W. G. & O'Connor, D. I. 1982. Kerogen maturity and type by reflected light microscopy applied to petroleum exploration. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Short Course Notes 7, 133–59.Google Scholar
Epstein, A. G., Epstein, J. B. & Harris, L. D. 1977. Conodont color alteration – an index to organic metamorphism. U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper no. 995, 27 pp.Google Scholar
Grossling, B. F. 1959. Temperature variations due to the formation of a geosyncline. Geological Society of America, Bulletin 70, 1253–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Håkansson, E. & Stemmerik, L. 1984. Wandel Sea Basin – The North Greenland equivalent to Svalbard and the Barents Shelf. In Petroleum geology of North European Margin (eds Spencer, A. M. et al. ), pp. 97107. Norwegian Petroleum Society.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Håkansson, E., Heinberg, C. & Stemmerik, L. 1981. The Wandel Sea Basin from Holm Land to Lockewood Ø, eastern North Greenland. Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 106, 4763.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Håkansson, E., Heinberg, C. & Stemmerik, L. 1991. Mesozoic and Cenozoic history of the Wandel Sea Basin area, North Greenland. Bulletin Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 160, 153–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, L. D. & Milici, R. C. 1977. Characteristics of thin-skinned style of deformation in the southern Appalachians and potential hydrocarbon traps. U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper no. 1018, 40 pp.Google Scholar
Harris, A. G. & Rejebian, V. A. 1986. Conodont color alteration above 300 °C: calibration experiments and geologic applications. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programmes 18, 225.Google Scholar
Harris, A. G., Harris, L. D. & Epstein, J. B. 1978. Oil and gas data from Paleozoic rocks in the Appalachian basin: maps for assessing hydrocarbon potential and thermal maturity (conodont color alteration isograds and overburden isopachs). U.S. Geological Survey Map I-917-E.Google Scholar
Haven, H. L., Rohmer, M., Rullkötter, J. & Bisseret, P. 1989. Distinctive hydrocarbon markers from fossil sediments of the Late Proterozoic, Walcott Member, Chuar Group, Grand Canyon, Arizona. Geochemica et Cosmochemica Acta 53, 17.Google Scholar
Heroux, Y., Chagnon, A. & Bertrand, R. 1979. Compilation and correlation of major thermal maturation indicators. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 63, 2128–14.Google Scholar
Higgins, A. K., Soper, N. J. & Friderichesen, J. D. 1985. North Greenland fold belt in eastern North Greenland. In The Caledonide Orogen – Scandinavia and related areas(eds Gee, D. G. and Sturt, B. A.), pp. 1017–29. Chichester: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Higgins, A. K., Ineson, J. R., Peel, J. S., Surlyk, F. & Sønderholm, M. 1991 a. Lower Palaeozic Franklinian Basin of North Greenland. Bulletin Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 160, 71139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higgins, A. K., Ineson, J. R., Peel, J. S., Surlyk, F. & Sønderholm, M. 1991 b. Cambrian to Silurian basin development and sedimentation, North Greenland. In The Innuitian Orogen and Arctic platform; Canada and Greenland (ed. Trettin, H. P.), pp. 111–61. Geology of Canada 3, Chapter 11. Ottawa. Geological Survey of Canada (also The Geology of North America, E, Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America).Google Scholar
Hurst, J. M. 1980. Silurian stratigraphy and facies distribution in Washington Land and western Hall Land, North Greenland. Bulletin Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 138, 95 pp.Google Scholar
Hurst, J. M. 1984. Upper Ordovician and Silurian shelf carbonate shelf stratigraphy, facies and evolution, eastern North Greenland. Bulletin Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 148, 73 pp.Google Scholar
Hurst, J. M., Jepsen, H. F., Kalsbeek, F., McKerrow, W. S. & Peel, J. S. 1985. The geology of the northern extremity of the East Greenland Caledonides. In The Caledonide Orogen – Scandinavia and related areas (eds Gee, D. G. and Sturt, B. A.), pp. 1047–63. Chichester: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Hurst, J. M., McKerrow, W. S., Soper, N. J. & Surlyk, F. 1983. The relationship between Caledonian nappe tectonics and Silurian turbidite deposition in North Greenland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 140, 123–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurst, J. M. & Surlyk, F. 1982. Stratigraphy of the Silurian turbidite sequence in North Greenland. Bulletin Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 145, 121 pp.Google Scholar
Hurst, J. M. & Surlyk, F. 1983. Initiation, evolution and destruction of an Early Paleozoic carbonate shelf, eastern North Greenland. Journal of Geology 9, 671–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurst, J. M. & Surlyk, F. 1984. Tectonic control of Silurian carbonate-shelf margin morphology and facies, North Greenland. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 68, 117.Google Scholar
Lee, T. C. & Henyey, T. L. 1974. Heat flow refraction across dissimilar media. Journal of Geophysics 39, 319–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Legall, F. D., Barnes, C. R. & MacQueen, R. W. 1982. Thermal maturation, burial history and hotspot development, Paleozoic strata of southern Ontario-Quebéc, from conodont and acritarch colour alteration studies. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 29, 492539.Google Scholar
Lindström, M. 1964. Conodonts. New York: Elsevier, 196 pp.Google Scholar
Mayr, Y., Uyeno, T. T. & Barnes, C. R. 1978. Subsurface stratigraphy, conodont zonation and organic metamorphism of the Lower Paleozoic succession, Bjorne Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, District of Franklin. Current Paper, Part A, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 78–1A, 393–8.Google Scholar
McCulloh, T. H. & Naeser, N. D. 1989. Thermal history of sedimentary basins: introduction and overview. In Thermal history of sedimentary basins: methods and case studies (eds Naeser, N. D. and McCulloh, T. H.), pp. 113. New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Moldowan, J. M., Seifert, W. K. & Gallegos, E. J. 1985. Relationship between petroleum composition and depositional environment of petroleum source rocks. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 69, 1255–68.Google Scholar
Nicoll, R. S. 1981. Conodont colour alteration adjacent to a volcanic plug, Canning Basin, western Australia. Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics 6, 265–7.Google Scholar
Nicoll, R. S. & Gorter, J. D. 1984. Conodont colour alteration, thermal maturation and geothermal history of the Canning Basin, western Australia. Journal of the Petroleum Exploration Association of Australia 24, 243–58.Google Scholar
Nowlan, G. S. & Barnes, C. R. 1987. Thermal maturation of Paleozoic strata in eastern Canada from conodont colour alteration index (CAI) data with implications for burial history, tectonic evolution, hot spot tracks and mineral and hydrocarbon exploration. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin no. 367, 47 pp.Google Scholar
Ohta, Y., Dallmeyer, R. D. & Peucat, J. J. 1989. Caledonian terranes in Svalbard. In Terranes in the Circum-Atlantic Paleozoic Orogens (ed. Dallmeyer, J. D.), pp. 117. Geological Society of America, Special Paper no. 230.Google Scholar
Parsons, I. 1981. Volcanic centres between Frigg Fjord and Midtkap, eastern North Greenland. Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 106, 6975.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pedersen, S. A. S. 1986. A transverse thin-skinned, thrust-fault belt in the Palaeozoic North Greenland foldbelt. Geological Society of America, Bulletin 97, 1442–55.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peel, J. S. 1982. The Lower Paleozoic of Greenland. In Arctic Geology and Geophysics (eds Embry, A. F. and Balkwill, H. R.), pp. 309–30. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geology, Memoir no. 8.Google Scholar
Peel, J. S. 1985. Cambrian–Silurian platform stratigraphy of eastern North Greenland. In The Caledonide Orogen – Scandinavia and related areas (eds. Gee, D. G. and Sturt, B. A.), pp. 1077–94. Chichester: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Peel, J. S. & Smith, M. P. 1988. The Wandel Valley Formation (Early-Middle Ordovician) of North Greenland and its correlatives. Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 137, 6192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, W. J. Jr., Harris, A. G. & Harris, L. D. 1979. Conodont-based re-interpretation of Bane Dome–structural re-evaluation of Allegheny Frontal Zone. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 63, 647–54.Google Scholar
Perry, W. J. Jr., Wardlaw, B. R., Bostick, N. H. & Maughan, E. K. 1983. Structure, burial history and petroleum potential of Frontal Thrust Belt and adjacent foreland, southwest Montana. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 67, 725–43.Google Scholar
Philp, R. P. & Lewis, C. A. 1987. Organic geochemistry of biomarkers. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science 15, 363–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pietzner, H., Vahl, J., Werner, H. & Ziegler, W. 1968. Zur chemischen zusammensetzung und mikromorphologie der Conodonten. Palaeontographica A 128, 115–52.Google Scholar
Rejebian, V. A., Harris, A. G. & Huebner, J. S. 1987. Conodont color and texture alteration. An index to regional metamorphism, contact metamorphism and hydrothermal alteration. Geological Society of America, Bulletin 99, 471–9.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richardson, S. W. & Oxburgh, E. R. 1978. Heat flow, radiogenic heat products and crustal temperatures in England and Wales. Journal of the Geological Society, London 135, 323–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sansom, I. J., Smith, M. P., Armstrong, H. A. & Smith, M. M. 1992. Presence of the earliest vertebrate hard tissues in conodonts. Science 256, 1308–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sønderholm, M. & Due, P. H. 1985. Lower and Middle Ordovician platform carbonate lithostratigraphy of Warming Land, Wulff Land and Nares Land, North Greenland. Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 126, 3146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soper, J. & Higgins, A. K. 1985. Thin-skinned structures at the basin-shelf transition in North Greenland. Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 126, 8794.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soper, N. J. & Higgins, A. K. 1990. Models for the Ellesmerian mountain front in North Greenland: a basin margin inverted by basement uplift. Journal of Structural Geology 12, 8397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soper, N.J. & Higgins, A. K. 1991. Deformation. In, Devonian to early Carboniferous deformation and metamorphism, North Greenland. In The Innuitian Orogen and Arctic platform; Canada and Greenland, (ed. Trettin, H. P.), pp. 283288. Geology of Canada 3, Chapter 11. Ottawa. Geological Survey of Canada (also The Geology of North America, E, Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America).Google Scholar
Staplin, F. L. 1975. Interpretation of thermal history from color of particulate organic matter – a review. Palynology 1, 918.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staplin, F. L. 1982. Determination of Thermal Alteration Index from colour of exinite (pollen, spores). Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Short Course Notes 7, 79.Google Scholar
Stemmerik, L. & Håkansson, E. 1989. Stratigraphy and depositional history of the Upper Palaeozoic and Triassic sediments in the Wandel Sea Basin, eastern North Greenland. Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 143, 2147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stemmerik, L. & Håkansson, E. 1991. Carboniferous and Permian history of the Wandel Sea Basin, North Greenland. Bulletin Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 160, 141–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surlyk, F. 1991. Tectonostratigraphy of North Greenland. Bulletin Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 160, 2547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surlyk, F. & Hurst, J. M. 1983. Evolution of the early Paleozoic deep-water basin of north Greenland – Aulacogen or narrow ocean? Geology 11, 7781.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surlyk, F. & Hurst, J. M. 1984. The evolution of the early Paleozoic deep-water basin of North Greenland. Geological Society of America, Bulletin 94, 131–54.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trettin, H. P. & Balkwill, H. R. 1979. Contributions to the tectonic history of the Innuitian Province, Arctic Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 16, 748–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volkama, J. K. 1988. Biological marker compounds as indicators of the depositional environments of petroleum source rocks. In Lacustrine Petroleum Source Rocks (eds Fleet, A. J., Ketts, K. and Talbot, M. R.), pp. 103–22. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 40.Google Scholar