The genus Camarophoria was established by King in 1846 for certain Permian brachiopods bearing internal structures similar to those of the Pentamerids. The essential features were the presence in the ventral valve of a spondylium (“an arch-shaped process”) supported by a median septum (“medio-longitudinal plate”). “The arch-shaped process and its supporting or suspending plate correspond in every respect except in degree with the apophysary system belonging to the large valve of Pentamerus.” In the dorsal valve there is developed a high median septum supporting a well-developed spondylium (“spatula-shaped process”).

Professor Gregory's kindly review of the Carlisle memoir raises once more the vexed question of the structure of the New Red rocks of that district. Two borings, one at Abbey Town and the other at Bowness, prove a thick series of variegated shales in the drift-covered western part of the area. A third boring proved red beds beneath the Lias at Great Orton. As Professor Gregory points out, the correlation of these red beds with the Abbey Town shales is uncertain. Though expressing the same caution, he had nevertheless previously adopted the correlation, his section through Great Orton, here reproduced, showing the beds at the two places as continuous. In what follows it will be easy to distinguish the evidence relating to Great Orton from that dealing specifically with the Abbey Town shales.

The district dealt with in this paper includes the coastal region of Cardiganshire, and that part of the county which lies to the south-west of a line drawn from Aberporth on the coast to Newcastle Emlyn in the Teifi valley.

(1) The clay pebble bed of Ancon (Ecuador) is essentially a true deposit, probably formed, in the first place, by the denudation of an Eocene land surface under abnormal climatic conditions.

It has not been formed primarily by overthrusting or shearing, although these tectonic phenomena have undoubtedly affected the deposit at a later stage of its history.

(2) The clay pebble bed does not attain a thickness of more than three hundred feet, and it is included in about eighteen hundred feet of uniform clay shales and sandstones. The evidence collected from the drilling of boreholes suggests that recumbent folding has taken place in this area. No other explanation can satisfactorily account for the presence of two (or three) phases of the clay pebble bed in the same borehole. (Fig. 1.)

(3) Whilst stratification is not usually present in the clay pebble bed, a certain linear arrangement of the constituent materials has been detected which indicates a flowage in the deposit prior to consolidation. Later folding, however, has obliterated most of the evidences of original accumulation.

(4) Irregularities in the present attitude of the clay pebble bed and its associated strata (such as, for example, the upper limit of the clay pebble bed transgressing the bedding planes of the superincumbent strata, the upper limit apparently being a thrust plane from which minor thrusts branch into the upper block, the presence of transitional stages, etc., where the tearing away of the sole of the upper block is visible) can all be explained by an appreciation of the special tectonics of this area, which includes the theory of recumbent folding.