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² The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has been calling the EEC Treaty a “constitutional” document since years, as in Opinion 1/91: „the EEC Treaty, albeit concluded in the form of an international agreement, none the less constitutes the constitutional charter of a Community based on the rule of law“, see ECJ 14 December 1991, Opinion 1/91, (1991) ECR I-6079: European Economic Area; similar ECJ 23 April 1986, Case 294/83, (1986) ECR 1339, at nr. 23: Parti écologiste “Les Verts” v. European Parliament.Google Scholar

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⁵ For further details see the homepage of the World Trade Organization under http://www.wto.org. Most of the WTO agreements are the result of the Uruguay Round negotiations (1986 – 1994), signed at the Marrakesh ministerial meeting in April 1994. There are about 60 agreements and decisions totalling 550 pages, see the WTO legal texts under http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/legal_e.htm.Google Scholar

⁶ For further information and the convention text see the website of the Council of Europe under http://conventions.coe.int.Google Scholar

⁷ The draft treaty establishing a constitution for Europe can be ordered and downloaded from the website of the European Convention: http://european-convention.eu.int.Google Scholar

⁸ See the final document: CONV 850/03.Google Scholar

⁹ See European Council, Presidency Conclusions – Thessaloniki, 19 and 20 June 2003, available at http://ue.eu.int/pressData/en/ec/76279.pdf.Google Scholar

¹⁰ See press release of the European Council, available at http://ue.eu.int/pressData/en/misc/78397.pdf.Google Scholar

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¹² Herbst, , p. 19.Google Scholar

¹³ Schmitt, Carl, Verfassungslehre (1928).Google Scholar

¹⁴ Id at 87.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Id at 23.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Id at 91.Google Scholar

¹⁷ e.g. the U. S. Constitution begins with these words.Google Scholar

¹⁸ See Randy E. Barnett, Constitutional Legitimacy, 103 Columbia Law Review 111, 12 (2003), who shows that the concept of “we the people” is a fiction, Id at 118, 32.Google Scholar

¹⁹ See Herbst, 88.Google Scholar

²⁰ See Eric Thompson, Popular sovereignty and the French constituent assembly 1789-91 100 (1952).Google Scholar

²¹ See especially the main works “Qu'est-ce que le tiers état?“ (What is the Third Estate?) and the “Préliminaire de la constitution“ (Introduction to the Constitution): What is the Third Estate? / Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes. Transl. by Blondel, M. and ed., with historical notes, by S. E. Finer (1964).Google Scholar

²² Stern, Klaus, Das Staatsrecht der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Band I in, Grundbegriffe und Grundlagen des Staatsrechts, Strukturprinzipien der Verfassung 146(2^nd ed., 1984).Google Scholar

²³ See Herbst, , 103, 19.Google Scholar

²⁴ For the general distinction between rules and principles see Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously 24 (1977).Google Scholar

²⁵ See Herbst, , 104.Google Scholar

²⁶ See Herbst, 106.Google Scholar

²⁷ See Herbst, 284.Google Scholar

²⁸ See Herbst, 110.Google Scholar

²⁹ Barnett supra at note 19,122 analyses the question whether younger generations are bound by the constitutional consent of their forefathers.Google Scholar

³⁰ See Herbst, 217, who refers mainly to Angela Augustin, Das Volk der Europäischen Union (2000); to the question of the European Identity see Armin von Bogdandy, Europäische Verfassung und europäische Identität, in JZ 2004, pp. 53.Google Scholar

³¹ To the question of homogeneity and basic consensus, see Anne Peters, European Democracy after the 2003 Convention, 41 CML Rev. 37, 73 (2004).Google Scholar

³² Herbst quotes Jürgen Habermas, Braucht Europa eine Verfassung? Eine Bemerkung zu Dieter Grimm, in Die Einbindung des Anderen, 191 (1999), here, see Herbst 223, fn. 782. Besides that he does not correspond to a winder debate and the critics to Habermas.Google Scholar

³³ See Herbst, , 225, Herbst admits that an enclosing examination to the question of a European people and its homogeneity cannot be reached in his assessment, see Id. at 226.Google Scholar

³⁴ See Herbst, , 154.Google Scholar

³⁵ See Herbst, , 247.Google Scholar

³⁶ Just see Weiler, , supra at note 5, 563, 79 or Klabbers, supra at note 5), 1293, who predict that a European Constitution in the form of the draft treaty leads to “the end of European integration”, see Id. at 1305.Google Scholar

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³⁸ See Herbst, , 169.Google Scholar

³⁹ To the expression “postnational” see Habermas, Jürgen, Die Postnationale Konstellation, Politische Essays 65 (1998).Google Scholar

⁴⁰ See Pernice supra at note 5, 217.Google Scholar

⁴¹ See Herbst, , 178.Google Scholar

⁴² See Art. IV-3 para. 1 of the draft treaty.Google Scholar

⁴³ See HERBST's summary, 291.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ The ratification of the constitutional treaty will be done with the method of Art. 48 Union Treaty. Following changes act upon Art. IV-7 of the draft treaty.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ See Art. I-20 to Art. I-23 of the draft treaty.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ This is now emphasized in Art. I-1 of the draft treaty.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Herbst would deny this thought because of its “originator based” point of view.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ See Kotzur supra at note 5, 138, who calls the idea of an “unbound” pouvoir constituant as a single homogeneous people a “myth“,Google Scholar

⁴⁹ See Schliesky, Utz, Souveränität und Legitimität, 254 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 1 Nov. 2003, 7.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ With sovereignty understood as the highest source of legitimacy, the individual stays the normative point of origin, see Hobe supra at note 2, 8.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Herbst does not cover or analyze the international debate about sovereignty and constitutional pluralism. Just see Neil Walker, Late Sovereignty in the European Union, in N. Walker (ed.) Sovereignty in Transition 3 (2003).Google Scholar