Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T20:31:33.249Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Elite Settlements and the Taming of Politics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2014

Extract

A BASIC QUESTION IS HOW POLITICS ARE TAMED AND CEASE BEING A deadly, warlike affair. The most dramatic way is through sudden, deliberate and lasting compromises of core disputes among political elites – what we think of as ‘elite settlements’. Prior to settlements elites disagree about government institutions, engage in unchecked fights for dominance, and view politics as winner-take-all. After settlements, elite persons and groups continue to be affiliated with conflicting parties, movements, and beliefs, but they share a consensus about government institutions and the codes and rules of political competition. Settlements tame politics by generating tacitly accommodative and overtly restrained practices among competing political elites.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Government and Opposition Ltd 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Sartori, Giovanni, ‘How Far Can Free Government Travel?’, Journal of Democracy, 6 (07 1995), pp. 101–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

2 Burton, Michael G. and Higley, John, ‘Elite Settlements’, American Sociological Review, 52: 3 (June 1987), pp. 295317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

3 The best (but neglected) treatment is Finer, S. E., ‘Pareto and Pluto‐Democracy: The Retreat to the Galapagos’, American Political Science Review, 62 (1968), pp. 440–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

4 Sartori, Giovanni, Democratic Theory Revisited, Chatham, NJ, Chatham House Publishers, Vol. 1, p. 224.Google Scholar

5 O'Donnell, Guillermo, ‘Illusions About Consolidation’, Journal of Democracy, 7 (04 1996), pp. 3451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

6 For discussion of the French and Italian elite convergences, see the chapters by Burton, , Gunther, M. and Higley, Richard, and by Maurizio Cotta in Higley, J. and Gunther, R.J., Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992.Google Scholar

7 The British colonial experience of course differed greatly in its depth, duration and democratic/non‐democratic outcomes. See Myron Weiner, ‘Empirical Democratic Theory’, in Weiner, M. and Ozbudun, Ergun, Competitive Elections in Devloping Countries, Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 1987;Google Scholar for discussion of the Malaysian pattern, in which an internally competitive elite cartel is still very much in evidence, see William Case, Elites and Regimes in Malaysia, Melbourne, Monash University Press, 1996.

8 Mansfield, Harvey, ‘Party Government and the Settlement of 1688’, American Political Science Review, 63 (1964). pp. 933–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

9 Huntington, Samuel P., The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1990.Google Scholar

10 Linz, Juan J. and Stepan, Alfred, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.Google Scholar

11 Ibid.

12 Burton, , Gunther, M. and Higley, J.R., Introduction, and Gunther, R., ‘Spain: The Very Model of the Modern Elite Settlement’, in Higley and Gunther, Elites and Democratic Consolidation.Google Scholar

13 Here we follow, albeit with different concepts, the accounts given by Linz and Stepan, op. cit.

14 Ibid., pp. 137–8.

15 Dahrendorf, Ralf, Society and Democracy in Germany, New York, Doubleday, 1967, pp. 265–79.Google Scholar

16 See e.g. Peeler, John A., ‘Elite Settlements and Democratic Consolidation: Colombia, Costa Rica, and Venezuela’, in Higley and Gunther, Elites and Democratic Consolidation.Google Scholar

17 Charles Guy Gillespie, ‘The Role of Civil‐Military Pacts in Elite Settlements and Elite Convergence: Democratic Consolidation in Uruguay’, in Higley and Gunther, Elites and Democratic Consolisation; see also the chapter on Uruguay in Linz and Stepan, op. cit.

18 Alan Knight, ‘Mexico's Elite Settlement: Conjuncture and Consequences' in Higley and Gunther, Elites and Democratic Consolidation.

19 Peeler, op. cit.Google Scholar

20 For example, Neuhouser, Kevin, ‘Democratic Stability in Venezuela: Elite Settlement or Class Compromise?’, American Sociological Review, 57 (1992), pp. 117–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

21 Valenzuela, Arturo, The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Chile, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978, p. 19.Google Scholar

22 These constraints and suspicions are well summarized by Linz and Stepan, op. cit.

23 O'Donnell, Guillermo, ‘Delegative Democracy’, Journal of Democracy, 5 (01 1994), pp. 5569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

24 Diamond, Larry, ‘Is The Third Wave Over?’, Journal of Democracy, 7Larry (07 1996), pp. 2037.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

25 Tokes, Rudolf L., Hungary's Negotiated Revolution: Economic Reform, Social Change and Political Succession, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996.Google Scholar

26 Lane, David, ‘The Gorbachev Revolution: The Role of the Political Elite in Regime Disintegration’, Political Studies, 44 (April 1996), pp. 4–23; ‘Transition Under ‘Eltsin: The Nomenklatura and Political Elite Circulation’, Political Studies, 45 (12. 1997), pp. 855–74.Google Scholar

27 Putnam, Robert D., Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1993.Google Scholar