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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2014
The Classical Model for Broadcasting Structures in Europe is one based on national autarchy and linguistic exclusivity. The model derives from the introduction of radio broadcasting in the 1920s. As always in the field of communications, developments art supply-led rather than demand-led. Thus the early radio manufacturers established local radio stations to demonstrate their new equipment at a time when governments had not formulated any policies to deal with the new phenomenon.
1 See Briggs, A., History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Oxford, Oxford University Press, Vol. 11, 1965, pp. 418–19Google Scholar. Briggs has also given a useful account of the way in which A. V. Dicey’i views on state management influenced the thinking of all three parties in the United Kingdom.
2 Reilh, J., ‘Facade of Public Corporations’ in The Times, 29 03 1966. Google Scholar
3 Robson, W. A., British Government since 1918, London, Allen & Unwin, 1950, p. 96.Google Scholar
4 Lord Simon of Wythenshawe, Tht BBC from Within, London, Gollancz, 1953, p. 50.
5 See Wedell, E. G., Broadcasting and Public Policy, London, Michael Joseph, 1968 Google Scholar.
6 See int. al. Stephen Hearst, ‘Broadcasting Regulation in Britain’ in Blunder, J. (ed.), Television end the Public Interest, London, Sage Publications, 1992, pp. 74–77 Google Scholar.
7 See Wolton, Dominique, Eloge du Grand Public, Paris, Flamraarion, 1990, p. 28 Google Scholar.
8 Dieter Stoke, Ftnuthen am Weidtpunkt, Munich, C. Bertelsmann, 1992, p. 336.
9 See Institute of Media Economics, ‘The Communication! Market in Italy’ in Antonio Pilati (ed.), Media Industry in Europe, Milan, Institute of Media Economics, 1993. (Since this article was written Sr Berlusconi has become Prime Minister of Italy.).
10 See Anthony Pragnell, Television in Europe: Qualify and Values in a Times of Change, Media Monograph No. 5, Manchester, European Institute for the Media 1985, pp. 32–35.
11 For a useful discussion of this programme see Collins, Richard, Broadcasting and Audiovisual Policy in the European Single Market, London, John Libbey, 1994, Chapter 6 ‘Dirigiste Initiatives’, pp. 94–105 Google Scholar.
12 Parliament, European, Resolution on Radio and Television Broadcasting in the European Community, Strasbourg, Official Journal C.87, 4 05 1982, pp. 110–12Google Scholar.
13 Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, COM(83) 229 final, 23 May 1983.
14 Commission of the European Communities, Television Without Frontiers, Brussels, COM(84) 300 final, 14 July 1984.
15 Council of the European Communities, Directive on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by lam, regulation or administrative action in Member Slates concerning the pursuit of television broadcasting activities, Brussels, 89/552/EEC, Official Journal L 298, 17 October 1989, pp. 23–30.
16 G. M. Luyken et al., Overcoming Language Barriers in European Television, Media Monograph No. 13, Manchester, European Institute for the Media, 1991, Ch. 1.
17 During the two yean 1988–90 BABEL supported the dubbing or sub-titling of only 50 programmes representing 100 transmissions in twelve European languages. Only 500,000 Ecu ($300,000) were available for disbursement.
18 A. Lange and J. L. Renaud, The future of the European Audiovisual Industry, Media Monograph No. 10, Manchester, European Institute for the Media 1989, p. 126.
19 See G. M. Luyken et al., op. cit., p. 26.
20 Council of Europe, Council of Europe Actioities in the Media Field, Strasbourg, Council of Europe Directorate of Human Rights, 1991, p. 6.
21 Quoted in Richard Collins, op. cit., p. 128.
22 Paolo Prestinari, ‘Structure of the European Audiovisual Sector’ in Antonio Pilau (ed.), Media Industry in Europe, op. cit., pp. 187 – 204.
23 Alfonso Sindez-Tabemero et al., Media Concentration in Europe, Commercial Enterprise and the Public Interest, Media Monograph No. 16, Manchester and Dusseldorf, European Institute for the Media, 1993.
24 Cable News Network, a worldwide satellite news operation conducted by Turner Communications Inc. from Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
25 Jon Snow, ‘The Role of Communication and Information in Contemporary Society’, unpublished paper contributed to a meeting of The Cross-Cultural Debate organized by the Fundacién BBV, Madrid, 1992.
26 The Hon. Justice Michael Kirby (President or the New South Wales Court of Appeal, Australia) ‘The Globalization of Media and Judicial Independence’, Geneva, Centre for the Independence of Judges and Lawyers, 1994, p. 5.
27 See Karol Jakubowicz, ‘New Media Order in Central and Eastern Europe: Dreams and Reality’ in Anthony Pragnell, Opening up the Media 1983–93, Media Monograph No. 17, Dusseldorf, European Institute for the Media, 1993, pp. 91–102.
28 Galik, M. and Denes, F., From Command Media to Media Market, Budapest, Budapest University of Economics, 1992 Google Scholar.
29 S. Steriade, ‘A Case Study of the Media’s Flexibility’, paper presented to the 4th International Television Studies Conference, July 1991.
30 Karol Jakubowicz, op. pit., p. 97.
31 See George Wedell, ‘Learning to Serve the Viewers and Listeners’ in A. Pragnell and I. Gergely (eds), The Political Content of Broadcasting, Media Monograph No. 15, Duueldorf, European Institute for the Media, 1992, pp. 14–46.
32 Emil Kapudaliev, Report on tht Bulgarian Media, unpublished paper, February 1994, p. 4.
33 Glattfelder, Guste, Vesell, Paul and Ecclestone, Jacob, Hungary Turns the Clock Back, Brussels, International Federation of Journalists, 22 03 1994, p. 10 Google Scholar.
34 See E. G. Wedell, op. cit., chs. 3–5.
35 Let the buyer beware.
36 See J. Mitchell and J. G. Blunder (eds), Television and the Viewer Interest, Media Monograph No. 18, London and Montrouge, John Libbey & Co., 1994.
37 ibid., p. 231. There is a list of examples of good practice in European Countries on pp. 231–33.
