Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Home
  • Home
Article
  • Cited by 27

  • Access

Duration of Contact Precautions for Acute-Care Settings

  • David B. Banach (a1), Gonzalo Bearman (a2), Marsha Barnden (a3), Jennifer A. Hanrahan (a4), Surbhi Leekha (a5), Daniel J. Morgan (a5), Rekha Murthy (a6), L. Silvia Munoz-Price (a7), Kaede V. Sullivan (a8), Kyle J. Popovich (a9) and Timothy L. Wiemken (a10)...
  • View HTML

      • Send article to Kindle

      To send this article to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about sending to your Kindle. Find out more about sending to your Kindle.

      Note you can select to send to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be sent to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

      Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

      Duration of Contact Precautions for Acute-Care Settings
      Available formats
      ×

      Send article to Dropbox

      To send this article to your Dropbox account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your <service> account. Find out more about sending content to Dropbox.

      Duration of Contact Precautions for Acute-Care Settings
      Available formats
      ×

      Send article to Google Drive

      To send this article to your Google Drive account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your <service> account. Find out more about sending content to Google Drive.

      Duration of Contact Precautions for Acute-Care Settings
      Available formats
      ×

Abstract

  • An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided below. To view the full text please use the links above to select your preferred format.

Copyright

© 2018 by The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. All rights reserved 

Corresponding author

Address correspondence to David Banach, MD, MPH, MS, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030 (dbanach@uchc.edu).

Footnotes

Hide All
a

Co-chairs.

Footnotes

References

Hide All
1. Siegel, JD, Rhinehart, E, Jackson, M, Chiarello, L, HICPAC. 2007 Guideline for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in health care settings. Am J Infect Control 2007;35:S65–S164.
2. Dashiell-Earp, CN, Bell, DS, Ang, AO, Uslan, DZ. Do physicians spend less time with patients in contact isolation? A time-motion study of internal medicine interns. JAMA Intern Med 2014;174:814–815.
3. Harris, AD, Pineles, L, Belton, B, et al. Universal glove and gown use and acquisition of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the ICU: a randomized trial. JAMA 2013;310:1571–1580.
4. Masse, V, Valiquette, L, Boukhoudmi, S, et al. Impact of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus contact isolation units on medical care. PLoS One 2013;8:e57057.
5. Morgan, DJ, Murthy, R, Munoz-Price, LS, et al. Reconsidering contact precautions for endemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36:1163–1172.
6. Martin, EM, Russell, D, Rubin, Z, et al. Elimination of routine contact precautions for endemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus: a retrospective quasi-experimental study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:1323–1330.
7. Edmond, MB, Masroor, N, Stevens, MP, Ober, J, Bearman, G. The impact of discontinuing contact precautions for VRE and MRSA on device-associated infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36:978–980.
8. Almyroudis, NG, Osawa, R, Samonis, G, et al. Discontinuation of systematic surveillance and contact precautions for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) and its impact on the incidence of VRE faecium bacteremia in patients with hematologic malignancies. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:398–403.
9. Russell, D, Beekmann, SE, Polgreen, PM, Rubin, Z, Uslan, DZ. Routine use of contact precautions for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus: Which way is the pendulum swinging? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:36–40.
10. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Handbook for SHEA-Sponsored Guidelines and Expert Guidance Documents. SHEA website. http://www.shea-online.org/images/docs/2017_Handbook.pdf. Published 2015. Accessed January 2017.
11. Shenoy, ES, Hsu, H, Noubary, F, Hooper, DC, Walensky, RP. National survey of infection preventionists: policies for discontinuation of contact precautions for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33:1272–1275.
12. Huckabee, CM, Huskins, WC, Murray, PR. Predicting clearance of colonization with vancomycin-resistant Enterococci and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by use of weekly surveillance cultures. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47:1229–1230.
13. Scanvic, A, Denic, L, Gaillon, S, Giry, P, Andremont, A, Lucet, JC. Duration of colonization by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after hospital discharge and risk factors for prolonged carriage. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:1393–1398.
14. Baden, LR, Thiemke, W, Skolnik, A, et al. Prolonged colonization with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in long-term care patients and the significance of “clearance. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1654–1660.
15. Donskey, CJ, Hoyen, CK, Das, SM, Helfand, MS, Hecker, MT. Recurrence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus stool colonization during antibiotic therapy. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:436–440.
16. Patel, R, Allen, SL, Manahan, JM, et al. Natural history of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal colonization in liver and kidney transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 2001;7:27–31.
17. Sohn, KM, Peck, KR, Joo, EJ, et al. Duration of colonization and risk factors for prolonged carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococci after discharge from the hospital. Int J Infect Dis 2013;17:e240–e246.
18. Henning, KJ, Delencastre, H, Eagan, J, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium on a pediatric oncology ward: duration of stool shedding and incidence of clinical infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996;15:848–854.
19. Karki, S, Land, G, Aitchison, S, et al. Long-term carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in patients discharged from hospitals: a 12-year retrospective cohort study. J Clin Microbiol 2013;51:3374–3379.
20. Byers, KE, Anglim, AM, Anneski, CJ, Farr, BM. Duration of colonization with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:207–211.
21. Bart, Y, Paul, M, Eluk, O, Geffen, Y, Rabino, G, Hussein, K. Risk factors for recurrence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae carriage: case-control study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36:936–941.
22. Cheng, VC, Chan, JF, Wong, SC, et al. Proactive infection control measures to prevent nosocomial transmission of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in a non-endemic area. Chin Med J (Engl) 2013;126:4504–4509.
23. Vehreschild, MJ, Hamprecht, A, Peterson, L, et al. A multicentre cohort study on colonization and infection with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in high-risk patients with haematological malignancies. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014;69:3387–3392.
24. Yokoe, DS, Anderson, DJ, Berenholtz, SM, et al. A compendium of strategies to prevent healthcare-associated infections in acute care hospitals: 2014 updates. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35:967–977.
25. Sethi, AK, Al-Nassir, WN, Nerandzic, MM, Bobulsky, GS, Donskey, CJ. Persistence of skin contamination and environmental shedding of Clostridium difficile during and after treatment of C. difficile infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31:21–27.
26. Jinno, S, Kundrapu, S, Guerrero, DM, Jury, LA, Nerandzic, MM, Donskey, CJ. Potential for transmission of Clostridium difficile by asymptomatic acute care patients and long-term care facility residents with prior C. difficile infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33:638–639.
27. Longtin, Y, Paquet-Bolduc, B, Gilca, R, et al. Effect of detecting and isolating Clostridium difficile carriers at hospital admission on the incidence of C. difficile infections: a quasi-experimental controlled study. JAMA Intern Med 2016;176:796–804.
28. Health Facilities and Regulation: (210 ILCS 83/) MRSA Screening and Reporting Act, PA 95-312, eff. 8/20/07 (2007).
29. Medical Facility Infection Control and Prevention Act (Niles Law) Senate Bill No. 1058, Chapter 296, (2008).
30. Calfee, DP, Salgado, CD, Milstone, AM, et al. Strategies to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission and infection in acute care hospitals: 2014 update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35:S108–S132.
31. Kluytmans, J, van Belkum, A, Verbrugh, H. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997;10:505–520.
32. Shenoy, ES, Walensky, RP, Lee, H, Orcutt, B, Hooper, DC. Resource burden associated with contact precautions for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus: the patient access managers’ perspective. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33:849–852.
33. Siegel, JD, Rhinehart, E, Jackson, M, Chiarello, L, Committee HICPA. Management of multidrug-resistant organisms in health care settings, 2006. Am J Infect Control 2007;35:S165–S193.
34. Moody, J, Septimus, E, Hickok, J, et al. Infection prevention practices in adult intensive care units in a large community hospital system after implementing strategies to reduce health care-associated, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Am J Infect Control 2013;41:126–130.
35. Morgan, DJ, Pineles, L, Shardell, M, et al. The effect of contact precautions on healthcare worker activity in acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013;34:69–73.
36. Shenoy, ES, Kim, J, Rosenberg, ES, et al. Discontinuation of contact precautions for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a randomized controlled trial comparing passive and active screening with culture and polymerase chain reaction. Clin Infect Dis 2013;57:176–184.
37. Shenoy, ES, Lee, H, Cotter, JA, et al. Impact of rapid screening for discontinuation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus contact precautions. Am J Infect Control 2016;44:215–221.
38. Gase, KA, Reese, SM. Journal club: impact of rapid screening for discontinuation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus contact precautions. Am J Infect Control 2016;44:475–476.
39. Vikram, HR, Dumigan, DG, Kohan, C, Havill, NL, Tauman, A, Boyce, JM. Discontinuation of contact precautions for patients no longer colonized with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31:541–543.
40. Goldsack, JC, DeRitter, C, Power, M, et al. Clinical, patient experience and cost impacts of performing active surveillance on known methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus positive patients admitted to medical-surgical units. Am J Infect Control 2014;42:1039–1043.
41. Quan, KA, Cousins, SM, Porter, DD, Puppo, RA, Huang, SS. Automated tracking and ordering of precautions for multidrug-resistant organisms. Am J Infect Control 2015;43:577–580.
42. Carson, PJ, Danford, M, Carson, G, et al. “Bringing down the flag”: removing the contact precautions label for non-hospitalized patients with prior methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection or colonization. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36:578–580.
43. Robicsek, A, Beaumont, JL, Peterson, LR. Duration of colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:910–913.
44. Sanford, MD, Widmer, AF, Bale, MJ, Jones, RN, Wenzel, RP. Efficient detection and long-term persistence of the carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:1123–1128.
45. Datta, R, Huang, SS. Risk of infection and death due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in long-term carriers. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47:176–181.
46. Marschall, J, Mühlemann, K. Duration of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage, according to risk factors for acquisition. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006;27:1206–1212.
47. Lucet, JC, Paoletti, X, Demontpion, C, et al. Carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in home care settings: prevalence, duration, and transmission to household members. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:1372–1378.
48. Fritz, SA, Krauss, MJ, Epplin, EK, et al. The natural history of contemporary Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in community children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011;30:349–351.
49. Cluzet, VC, Gerber, JS, Nachamkin, I, et al. Duration of colonization and determinants of earlier clearance of colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . Clin Infect Dis 2015;60:1489–1496.
50. Rogers, C, Sharma, A, Rimland, D, et al. Duration of colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an acute care facility: a study to assess epidemiologic features. Am J Infect Control 2014;42:249–253.
51. Gibson, KE, McNamara, SE, Cassone, M, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: site of acquisition and strain variation in high-risk nursing home residents with indwelling devices. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35:1458–1465.
52. Bradley, SF, Terpenning, MS, Ramsey, MA, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: colonization and infection in a long-term care facility. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:417–422.
53. Manzur, A, Gudiol, F. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in long-term-care facilities. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009;15:26–30.
54. Pacio, GA, Visintainer, P, Maguire, G, Wormser, GP, Raffalli, J, Montecalvo, MA. Natural history of colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and resistant Gram-negative bacilli among long-term-care facility residents. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003;24:246–250.
55. Muder, RR, Brennen, C, Wagener, MM, et al. Methicillin-resistant staphylococcal colonization and infection in a long-term care facility. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:107–112.
56. Lautenbach, E, Tolomeo, P, Nachamkin, I, Hu, B, Zaoutis, TE. The impact of household transmission on duration of outpatient colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . Epidemiol Infect 2010;138:683–685.
57. Larsson, AK, Gustafsson, E, Nilsson, AC, Odenholt, I, Ringberg, H, Melander, E. Duration of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization after diagnosis: a four-year experience from southern Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 2011;43:456–462.
58. Ridenour, GA, Wong, ES, Call, MA, Climo, MW. Duration of colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among patients in the intensive care unit: implications for intervention. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006;27:271–278.
59. Mattner, F, Biertz, F, Ziesing, S, Gastmeier, P, Chaberny, IF. Long-term persistence of MRSA in re-admitted patients. Infection. 2010;38:363–371.
60. Ghosh, A, Jiao, L, Al-Mutawa, F, O’Neill, C, Mertz, D, Team Hamilton HSIPaC. Value of an active surveillance policy to document clearance of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci amongst inpatients with prolonged admissions. J Hosp Infect 2014;88:230–233.
61. Cluzet, VC, Gerber, JS, Nachamkin, I, et al. Risk factors for recurrent colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in community-dwelling adults and children. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36:786–793.
62. Couderc, C, Thiébaut, AC, Lawrence, C, et al. Fluoroquinolone impact on nasal methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus colonization durations in neurologic long-term-care facilities. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015;59:7621–7628.
63. Shenoy, ES, Paras, ML, Noubary, F, Walensky, RP, Hooper, DC. Natural history of colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE): a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2014;14:177.
64. McKinnell, JA, Huang, SS, Eells, SJ, Cui, E, Miller, LG. Quantifying the impact of extranasal testing of body sites for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization at the time of hospital or intensive care unit admission. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013;34:161–170.
65. Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance. Recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR Recomm Rep 1995;44:1–13.
66. Henard, S, Lozniewski, A, Aissa, N, Jouzeau, N, Rabaud, C. Evaluation of the duration of vanA vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium carriage and clearance during a large-scale outbreak in a region of eastern France. Am J Infect Control 2011;39:169–171.
67. Huang, SS, Rifas-Shiman, SL, Pottinger, JM, et al. Improving the assessment of vancomycin-resistant enterococci by routine screening. J Infect Dis 2007;195:339–346.
68. Goetz, AM, Rihs, JD, Wagener, MM, Muder, RR. Infection and colonization with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in an acute care Veterans Affairs Medical Center: a 2-year survey. Am J Infect Control 1998;26:558–562.
69. Singh, J, Esparza, S, Patterson, M, Vogel, K, Patel, B, Gornick, W. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in pediatric oncology patients: balancing infection prevention and family-centered care. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2013;35:227–231.
70. Yoon, YK, Lee, SE, Lee, J, et al. Risk factors for prolonged carriage of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium among patients in intensive care units: a case-control study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011;66:1831–1838.
71. Zhou, Q, Moore, C, Eden, S, Tong, A, McGeer, A, Team MSHIC. Factors associated with acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in roommate contacts of patients colonized or infected with VRE in a tertiary care hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008;29:398–403.
72. Beezhold, DW, Slaughter, S, Hayden, MK, et al. Skin colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci among hospitalized patients with bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:704–706.
73. Haverkate, MR, Derde, LP, Brun-Buisson, C, Bonten, MJ, Bootsma, MC. Duration of colonization with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria after ICU discharge. Intensive Care Med 2014;40:564–571.
74. Weinstein, JW, Tallapragada, S, Farrel, P, Dembry, LM. Comparison of rectal and perirectal swabs for detection of colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci. J Clin Microbiol 1996;34:210–212.
75. NCEZID, DHQP, CDC. Guidance for Control of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) Toolkit. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/cre/cre-toolkit/index.html. Published 2012. Accessed July 2016.
76. Drees, M, Pineles, L, Harris, AD, Morgan, DJ. Variation in definitions and isolation procedures for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: a survey of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Research Network. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35:362–366.
77. Lowe, CF, Katz, K, McGeer, AJ, Muller, MP, Group, TEW. Efficacy of admission screening for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae . PLoS One 2013;8:e62678.
78. Titelman, E, Hasan, CM, Iversen, A, et al. Faecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae is common 12 months after infection and is related to strain factors. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014;20:O508–O515.
79. Birgand, G, Armand-Lefevre, L, Lolom, I, Ruppe, E, Andremont, A, Lucet, JC. Duration of colonization by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae after hospital discharge. Am J Infect Control 2013;41:443–447.
80. Löhr, IH, Rettedal, S, Natås, OB, Naseer, U, Oymar, K, Sundsfjord, A. Long-term faecal carriage in infants and intra-household transmission of CTX-M-15-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae following a nosocomial outbreak. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013;68:1043–1048.
81. Feldman, N, Adler, A, Molshatzki, N, et al. Gastrointestinal colonization by KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae following hospital discharge: duration of carriage and risk factors for persistent carriage. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013;19:E190–E196.
82. Tham, J, Walder, M, Melander, E, Odenholt, I. Duration of colonization with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in patients with travellers’ diarrhoea. Scand J Infect Dis 2012;44:573–577.
83. Weintrob, AC, Roediger, MP, Barber, M, et al. Natural history of colonization with Gram-negative multidrug-resistant organisms among hospitalized patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31:330–337.
84. O’Fallon, E, Gautam, S, D’Agata, EM. Colonization with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: prolonged duration and frequent cocolonization. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:1375–1381.
85. Kola, A, Holst, M, Chaberny, IF, Ziesing, S, Suerbaum, S, Gastmeier, P. Surveillance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacteria and routine use of contact isolation: experience from a three-year period. J Hosp Infect 2007;66:46–51.
86. Ruppé, E, Armand-Lefèvre, L, Estellat, C, et al. High rate of acquisition but short duration of carriage of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae after travel to the tropics. Clin Infect Dis 2015;61:593–600.
87. Zimmerman, FS, Assous, MV, Bdolah-Abram, T, Lachish, T, Yinnon, AM, Wiener-Well, Y. Duration of carriage of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae following hospital discharge. Am J Infect Control 2013;41:190–194.
88. Tandé, D, Boisramé-Gastrin, S, Münck, MR, et al. Intrafamilial transmission of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica Babelsberg among the families of internationally adopted children. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65:859–865.
89. Schechner, V, Kotlovsky, T, Tarabeia, J, et al. Predictors of rectal carriage of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) among patients with known CRE carriage at their next hospital encounter. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011;32:497–503.
90. Lewis, JD, Enfield, KB, Mathers, AJ, Giannetta, ET, Sifri, CD. The limits of serial surveillance cultures in predicting clearance of colonization with carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae . Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36:835–837.
91. Kim, NH, Han, WD, Song, KH, et al. Successful containment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae by strict contact precautions without active surveillance. Am J Infect Control 2014;42:1270–1273.
92. Donskey, CJ, Sunkesula, VC, Jencson, AL, et al. Utility of a commercial PCR assay and a clinical prediction rule for detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in asymptomatic carriers. J Clin Microbiol 2014;52:315–318.
93. Shrestha, SK, Sunkesula, VC, Kundrapu, S, Tomas, ME, Nerandzic, MM, Donskey, CJ. Acquisition of Clostridium difficile on hands of healthcare personnel caring for patients with resolved C. difficile infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:475–477.
94. Lanzas, C, Dubberke, ER. Effectiveness of screening hospital admissions to detect asymptomatic carriers of Clostridium difficile: a modeling evaluation. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35:1043–1050.
95. Longtin, Y, Gilca, R, Loo, VG. Effect of detecting and isolating asymptomatic Clostridium difficile carriers—reply. JAMA Intern Med 2016;176:1573.
96. Gravel, D, Gardam, M, Taylor, G, et al. Infection control practices related to Clostridium difficile infection in acute care hospitals in Canada. Am J Infect Control 2009;37:9–14.
97. Johnson, S, Gerding, DN, Olson, MM, et al. Prospective, controlled study of vinyl glove use to interrupt Clostridium difficile nosocomial transmission. Am J Med 1990;88:137–140.
98. Wolk, DM, Picton, E, Johnson, D, et al. Multicenter evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) test as a rapid screening method for detection of MRSA in nares. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47:758–764.
99. Yam, WC, Siu, GK, Ho, PL, et al. Evaluation of the LightCycler methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) advanced test for detection of MRSA nasal colonization. J Clin Microbiol 2013;51:2869–2874.
100. Lepainteur, M, Delattre, S, Cozza, S, Lawrence, C, Roux, AL, Rottman, M. Comparative evaluation of two PCR-based methods for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Xpert MRSA Gen 3 and BD-Max MRSA XT. J Clin Microbiol 2015;53:1955–1958.
101. Patel, PA, Robicsek, A, Grayes, A, et al. Evaluation of multiple real-time PCR tests on nasal samples in a large MRSA surveillance program. Am J Clin Pathol 2015;143:652–658.
102. Kim, MH, Lee, WI, Kang, SY. Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in healthcare workers using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Yonsei Med J 2013;54:1282–1284.
103. Lee, S, Park, YJ, Park, KG, et al. Comparative evaluation of three chromogenic media combined with broth enrichment and the real-time PCR-based Xpert MRSA assay for screening of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in nasal swabs. Ann Lab Med 2013;33:255–260.
104. Huh, HJ, Kim, ES, Chae, SL. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in nasal surveillance swabs at an intensive care unit: an evaluation of the LightCycler MRSA advanced test. Ann Lab Med 2012;32:407–412.
105. Dalpke, AH, Hofko, M, Zimmermann, S. Comparison of the BD Max methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) assay and the BD GeneOhm MRSA achromopeptidase assay with direct- and enriched-culture techniques using clinical specimens for detection of MRSA. J Clin Microbiol 2012;50:3365–3367.
106. Arcenas, RC, Spadoni, S, Mohammad, A, et al. Multicenter evaluation of the LightCycler MRSA advanced test, the Xpert MRSA Assay, and MRSASelect directly plated culture with simulated workflow comparison for the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in nasal swabs. J Mol Diagn 2012;14:367–375.
107. Roisin, S, Laurent, C, Nonhoff, C, et al. Positive predictive value of the Xpert MRSA assay diagnostic for universal patient screening at hospital admission: influence of the local ecology. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012;31:873–880.
108. Hombach, M, Pfyffer, GE, Roos, M, Lucke, K. Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in specimens from various body sites: performance characteristics of the BD GeneOhm MRSA assay, the Xpert MRSA assay, and broth-enriched culture in an area with a low prevalence of MRSA infections. J Clin Microbiol 2010;48:3882–3887.
109. Peterson, LR, Liesenfeld, O, Woods, CW, et al. Multicenter evaluation of the LightCycler methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) advanced test as a rapid method for detection of MRSA in nasal surveillance swabs. J Clin Microbiol 2010;48:1661–1666.
110. Nulens, E, Descheemaeker, P, Deurenberg, RH, Stobberingh, EE, Gordts, B. Contribution of two molecular assays as compared to selective culture for MRSA screening in a low MRSA prevalence population. Infection 2010;38:98–101.
111. Wolk, DM, Marx, JL, Dominguez, L, Driscoll, D, Schifman, RB. Comparison of MRSASelect agar, CHROMagar methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) medium, and Xpert MRSA PCR for detection of MRSA in nares: diagnostic accuracy for surveillance samples with various bacterial densities. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47:3933–3936.
112. Rossney, AS, Herra, CM, Brennan, GI, Morgan, PM, O’Connell, B. Evaluation of the Xpert methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) assay using the GeneXpert real-time PCR platform for rapid detection of MRSA from screening specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:3285–3290.
113. Silbert, S, Kubasek, C, Galambo, F, Vendrone, E, Widen, R. Evaluation of BD Max StaphSR and BD Max MRSAXT assays using ESwab-collected specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2015;53:2525–2529.
114. Babady, NE, Gilhuley, K, Cianciminio-Bordelon, D, Tang, YW. Performance characteristics of the Cepheid Xpert vanA assay for rapid identification of patients at high risk for carriage of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci. J Clin Microbiol 2012;50:3659–3663.
115. Editorial and Publishing Policy Resource: Cochrane Handbook for Diagnostic Test Accuracy Reviews 2009, Chapter 9. Assessing methodological quality. Cochrane Collaboration website. http://methods.cochrane.org/sdt/sites/methods.cochrane.org.sdt/files/uploads/ch09_Oct09.pdf. Accessed July 10, 2016.
116. Donskey, CJ, Kundrapu, S, Deshpande, A. Colonization versus carriage of Clostridium difficile. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2015;29:13–28.

Related content

Powered by UNSILO
  • Cited by 27

  • Access

Duration of Contact Precautions for Acute-Care Settings

  • David B. Banach (a1), Gonzalo Bearman (a2), Marsha Barnden (a3), Jennifer A. Hanrahan (a4), Surbhi Leekha (a5), Daniel J. Morgan (a5), Rekha Murthy (a6), L. Silvia Munoz-Price (a7), Kaede V. Sullivan (a8), Kyle J. Popovich (a9) and Timothy L. Wiemken (a10)...

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Abstract views

Total abstract views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between <date>. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.