1.SHEA, IDSA, PIDS. Policy Statement on Antimicrobial Stewardship by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA), the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), and the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33(4):322–327.
2.Tamma, PD, Cosgrove, SE. Antimicrobial stewardship. Infect Dis Clin N Am 2011;25(1):245–260.
3.Doron, S, Davidson, LE. Antimicrobial stewardship. Mayo Clin Proc 2011;86(11):1113–1123.
4.Dellit, TH, Owens, RC, McGowan, JE, et al.Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44(2): 159–177.
5.Valiquette, L, Cossette, B, Garant, MP, Diab, H, Pépin, J. Impact of a reduction in the use of high-risk antibiotics on the course of an epidemic of Clostridium difficile–associated disease caused by the hypervirulent NAP1/027 strain. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45(suppl 2):S112–S121.
6.Pear, SM, Williamson, TH, Bettin, KM, Gerding, DN, Galgiani, JN. Decrease in nosocomial Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea by restricting clindamycin use. Ann Intern Med 1994;120(4): 272–277.
7.Climo, MW, Israel, DS, Wong, ES, et al.Hospital-wide restriction of clindamycin: effect on the incidence of Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea and cost. Ann Intern Med 1998;128(12):989–995.
8.Moleski, RJ, Andriole, VT. Role of the infectious disease specialist in containing costs of antibiotics in the hospital. Rev Infect Dis 1986;8(3):488–493.
9.Seligman, SJ. Reduction in antibiotic costs by restricting use of an oral cephalosporin. Am J Med 1981;71(6):941–944.
10.Woodward, RS, Medoff, G, Smith, MD, Gray, JL III. Antibiotic cost savings from formulary restrictions and physician monitoring in a medical-school-affiliated hospital. Am J Med 1987;83(5):817–823.
11.Sáez-Llorens, X, Wong, MMC, Castaño, E, de Suman, O, de Moros, D, de Atencio, I. Impact of an antibiotic restriction policy on hospital expenditures and bacterial susceptibilities: a lesson from a pediatric institution in a developing country. Pediatr Infect Disease J. 2000;19(3):200–206.
12.Ozkurt, Z, Erol, S, Kadanali, A, Ertek, M, Ozden, K, Tasyaran, MA. Changes in antibiotic use, cost and consumption after an antibiotic restriction policy applied by infectious disease specialists. Jpn J Infect Dis 2005;58(6):338–343.
13.White, AC JrAtmar, RL, Wilson, J, Cate, TR, Stager, CE, Greenberg, SB. Effects of requiring prior authorization for selected anti-microbials: expenditures, susceptibilities, and clinical outcomes. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25(2):230–239.
14.Recco, RA, Gladstone, JL, Friedman, SA, Gerken, EH. Antibiotic control in a municipal hospital. JAMA 1979;241(21):2283–2286.
15.Agwu, AL, Lee, CKK, Jain, SK, et al.A World Wide Web-based antimicrobial stewardship program improves efficiency, communication, and user satisfaction and reduces cost in a tertiary care pediatric medical center. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47(6):747–753.
16.Hersh, AL, Beekmann, SE, Polgreen, PM, Zaoutis, TE, Newland, JG. Antimicrobial stewardship programs in pediatrics. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009;30(12):1211–1217.
17.Johannsson, B, Beekmann, SE, Srinivasan, A, et al.Improving antimicrobial stewardship: the evolution of programmatic strategies and barriers. Infection Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011;32(4):367–374.
18.Coleman, RW, Rodondi, LC, Kaubisch, S, Granzella, NB, O'Hanley, PD. Cost-effectiveness of prospective and continuous parenteral antibiotic control: experience at the Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Medical Center from 1987 to 1989. Am J Med 1991;90(4):439–444.
20.Miller, MR, Elixhauser, A, Zhan, C. Patient safety events during pediatric hospitalizations. Pediatrics 2003;111(6):1358–1366.
21. StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software, release 12. College Station, TX: StataCorp; 2011.
22.Metjian, TA, Prasad, PA, Kogon, A, Coffin, SE, Zaoutis, TE. Evaluation of an antimicrobial stewardship program at a pediatric teaching hospital. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008;27(2):106–111.
23.Standiford, HC, Chan, S, Tripoli, M, Weekes, E, Forrest, GN. Antimicrobial stewardship at a large tertiary care academic medical center: cost analysis before, during, and after a 7-year program. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33(4):338–345.
24.Beardsley, JR, Williamson, JC, Johnson, JW, Luther, VP, Wrenn, RH, Ohl, CC. Show me the money: long-term financial impact of an antimicrobial stewardship program. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33(4):398–400.
25.Lau, BD, Pinto, BL, Thiemann, DR, Lehmann, CU. Budget impact analysis of conversion from intravenous to oral medication when clinically eligible for oral intake. Clin Ther 2011;33(11): 1792–1796.
26.Lehmann, CU, Kim, GR. Prevention of medication errors. Clin Perinatol 2005;32(1):107–123.
27.Ohl, CA, Dodds Ashley, ES. Antimicrobial stewardship programs in community hospitals: the evidence base and case studies. Clin Infect Dis 2011;53(suppl 1):S23–S28.
28.Sunenshine, RH, Liedtke, LA, Jernigan, DB, Strausbaugh, LJ. Role of infectious diseases consultants in management of antimicrobial use in hospitals. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38(7):934–938.
