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Universal SARS-CoV-2 testing on admission to the labor and delivery unit: Low prevalence among asymptomatic obstetric patients

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 May 2020

Ilona Telefus Goldfarb*
Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Khady Diouf
Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
William H. Barth Jr
Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Julian N. Robinson
Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Daniel Katz
Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Newton Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts
Katherine E. Gregory
Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Nursing and Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
Andrea Ciaranello
Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Sigal Yawetz
Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Erica S. Shenoy
Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Infection Control Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Michael Klompas
Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
*
Author for correspondence: E-mail: igoldfarb@mgh.harvard.edu
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Abstract

Type
Research Brief
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright
© 2020 by The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. All rights reserved.

During the COVID-19 pandemic surge in New York, several hospitals in New York City and Long Island began testing all women presenting to the labor and delivery units for SARS-CoV-2. They found that 14% of asymptomatic women tested positive.Reference Sutton, Fuchs, D’Alton and Goffman1,Reference Vintzileos, Muscat and Hoffmann2 Unidentified, these asymptomatic women were at risk of infecting their newborns following birth, hospital staff, as well as other patients. It is unclear, however, whether the high rate of asymptomatic infections in New York is a reflection of a particularly high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 during that time period in New York or a more generalizable phenomenon applicable to other high-prevalence areas. Boston followed New York as another high-prevalence metropolitan area (1,628 cases per 100,000 residents vs 2,046 in New York City as of May 1, 2020). We therefore report on the prevalence of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 in women presenting to the labor and delivery units in Boston, another high-prevalence community in the United States.

Methods

On April 18, 2020, 2 academic and 2 community hospitals affiliated with Mass General Brigham Health began universally testing all women admitted to their labor and delivery units for SARS-CoV-2 using RT-PCR 53 (nasopharyngeal swab). Prior to this intervention, multiple infection control strategies in addition to those routine in our facilities had been implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: (1) symptom and exposure screening of all patients with implementation of immediate isolation if symptom screen is positive and testing for SARS-Cov-2, (2) universal masking of employees, patients, and visitors on facility premises,Reference Klompas, Morris, Sinclair, Pearson and Shenoy3 (3) daily employee symptom attestation with exclusion from work and referral for testing if symptom screen positive; and (4) deferral of all nonessential in-person visits and elective procedures.

Demographic and SARS-CoV-2 test results were abstracted from the electronic medical record for all women admitted to the labor and delivery units between April 18, 2020, and May 5, 2020. All records for women with positive tests on admission were independently reviewed by 2 physicians (I.T.G. and D.K.) to confirm symptom status based on established symptom screening including fever (subjective or documented), new cough, shortness of breath, sore throat, muscle aches, new rhinorrhea, or new anosmia). The descriptive data are presented as frequencies.

Results

The 4 major hospitals affiliated with Mass General Brigham Health provide maternity care to ~14,750 women per year. Over 18 days of universal testing on the labor and delivery units, 763 women were admitted and 757 (99.2%) were tested. Of those, 139 had symptoms possibly consistent with COVID-19. Of symptomatic women, 11 of 139 (7.9%) tested positive. Among asymptomatic women, 9 of 618 (1.5%) tested positive (Fig. 1). Thus, 9 of 20 patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 at admission (45%) had no symptoms of COVID-19 at presentation. The percentage of asymptomatic women who tested positive varied by hospital: 2.7% and 1.5% in the 2 academic hospitals, 1.8% and 0.6% in the 2 community hospitals. Across the 4 hospitals, none of the positive asymptomatic women developed COVID-19 symptoms during the delivery hospitalization and all 9 newborns tested negative for SARS-CoV-2.

Fig. 1. All women tested for SARS-CoV-2 on the labor and delivery units.

Discussion

In a large healthcare system in metropolitan Boston, we identified a low prevalence of COVID-19 infection among asymptomatic pregnant women presenting for admission to the labor and delivery units. The incidence of asymptomatic infection amongst women admitted to the labor and delivery units in greater Boston was substantially lower than that of New York City despite similar case counts per capita. Notably, the 1%–2% incidence of asymptomatic infection in our population more closely mirrors asymptomatic infection rates in other areas.Reference Ng, Marimuthu and Chia4,Reference Hoehl, Rabenau and Berger5 Several theories may explain the lower prevalence of asymptomatic infection in Boston compared to New York City: (1) we began testing >30 days after physical distancing orders were placed by the state and hence were sampling at a time with declining community transmission, (2) the overall population density of greater Boston is lower than New York City, perhaps leading to less community-based transmission, and (3) some New York hospitals transiently stopped or considered stopping birth partners from attending deliveries, which could have led to some women underreporting symptoms.

Universal testing of women presenting for labor and delivery, as one element of a multipronged approach to reducing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in healthcare facilities, is likely to remain a core strategy for the foreseeable future to inform both clinical care and infection control operations. Universal testing in this specific patient population is an especially important public health priority given the implications of SARS-CoV-2 on maternal and newborn care at the time of birth and during the postpartum and neonatal period. In addition, testing the asymptomatic obstetric population provides a window into the community prevalence of infection which in turn can inform the timing and effect of when, where, and how to enhance versus relax social distancing measures. Assessing the community-based COVID-19 prevalence rates must take into account the possibility of local clustering of disease where a community lies within the pandemic curve and the status of contemporaneous mitigation strategies. These data may, therefore, guide decision making about moving between mitigation versus containment measures and thoughtfully resuming both healthcare and nonhealthcare operations.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge Karen E. Lynch, BSN of Massachusetts General Hospital, Laboratory of Computer Science for assistance with data abstraction and analysis.

Financial support

No financial support was provided relevant to this article.

Conflicts of interest

All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article.

Footnotes

a

Authors of equal contribution.

References

Sutton, D, Fuchs, K, D’Alton, M, Goffman, D.Universal Screening for SARS-CoV-2 in Women Admitted for Delivery. N Engl J Med 2020 Apr 13 [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2009316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vintzileos, WS, Muscat, J, Hoffmann, E, et al.Screening all pregnant women admitted to labor and delivery for the virus responsible for COVID-19. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020 Apr 26 [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.024.Google Scholar
Klompas, M, Morris, CA, Sinclair, J, Pearson, M, Shenoy, ES.Universal Masking in Hospitals in the COVID-19 Era. N Engl J Med 2020 Apr 1 [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1056/NEJMp2006372Google ScholarPubMed
Ng, O-T, Marimuthu, K, Chia, P-Y, et al.SARS-CoV-2 infection among travelers returning from Wuhan, China. N Engl J Med 2020;382:14761478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoehl, S, Rabenau, H, Berger, A, et al.Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in returning travelers from Wuhan, China. N Engl J Med 2020;382:12781280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Figure 0

Fig. 1. All women tested for SARS-CoV-2 on the labor and delivery units.