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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 February 2019
This outline is prepared based on the 1995 Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (“The 1995 Constitution”). It is important to acknowledge at the outset that the 1995 Constitution cannot be studied in isolation. Like its forerunners, it is not distinctively Ethiopian, save for the customary and religious laws that it recognized. Ethiopian constitutions, both past and present, have been derived, in part, from foreign constitutions including constitutions from western and eastern countries, including Japan. Although its immediate sources can be traced back to the Charter of the Transitional Government of 1991, this 1995 Constitution was built upon the constitutions that preceded it, the laws that have been promulgated since the 1930s, and the religious and customary laws that predated it.
1 Ethiopia has had many constitutions including those written in 1931, 1955, 1984, and 1995. Additionally, the Italians wrote a constitution for Ethiopia during the occupation, the Decree-Law Respecting the Organization and Administration of Italian East-Africa, June 1, 1936. It is available in the World Constitutions collection of HeinOnline (last visited August 24, 2015).Google Scholar
2 Ms. Sarah Vaughan has interviewed many people who were key players in the formation of the present government and who were active participants during the formation of the transitional government. These interviews are important in so far as interpreting what the intent of the drafters of the constitution was. These key players are still around and her documents should be verified and kept in secure places for future references.Google Scholar
3 The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), G.A. Res. 217 A III (December 10, 1948), was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948. Ethiopia was one of forty-eight countries that adopted it. Available at http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ (Last visited August 14, 2015). See also http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Introduction.aspx. (last visited August 14, 2015); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human Rights. (Last visited August 24, 2015).Google Scholar
4 The military government's objective with the PNDR was to create a socialistic state under the leadership of workers, peasants, the petite bourgeoisie, and all anti-feudal and anti-imperialist forces. See http://memory.loc.gov/frd/etsave/et_01_07.html (last visited August 14, 2015.)Google Scholar
5 See Negarit Gazeta of May 5, 1960, No. 2 Extraordinary, available at http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/336/Civil%20Code%201960.pdf (last visited August 14, 2015).Google Scholar
6 These are the 1931 and 1955 Constitutions of Imperial Ethiopia, and the 1987 Constitution of the military government. There was also another constitution drafted just before Emperor Haile Selassie was deposed, but never went into effect.Google Scholar
7 Derg literally means committee. The military government that deposed the Emperor was composed of this committee made up 120 people representing various military groups such as the armed forces the police and Territorial Army. It was later known as the Provisional Military Administrative Council.Google Scholar
8 TPLF stands for the Tigrean Peoples Liberation Front which was formed on September 14, 1974 and Tigreans are the people of Tigray State.Google Scholar
9 See Proclamation No. 7/1992 of January 14, 1992 that established the national/regional self-governments.Google Scholar
10 The Charter appeared in the Negarit Gazeta,10 on the 50th Year – No. 1, on July 22, 1991, as the “Peaceful and Democratic Transition Conference of Ethiopia held July 1–5, 1991.Google Scholar
11 UDHR, supra note 3, Article 1.Google Scholar
12 Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia, Art.1 (July 22, 1991).Google Scholar
13 Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia, Art. 19(c), (July 22, 1991).Google Scholar
14 Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia, Art. 6 (July 22, 1991).Google Scholar
15 Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia, Art. 7 (July 22, 1991).Google Scholar
16 Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia, Art. 8 (July 22, 1991).Google Scholar
17 Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia, Art. 9 (July 22, 1991).Google Scholar
18 Id Google Scholar
19 Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia, Arts. 10 & 11 (July 22, 1991).Google Scholar
20 Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia, Art. 11 (July 22, 1991).Google Scholar
21 Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia, Art. 12 (July 22, 1991).Google Scholar
22 These are The Penal Code of 1957, The Civil Code and Commercial Code of 1960, The Criminal Procedure Code of 1961, and The Civil Procedure code of 1967.Google Scholar
23 Black's Law Dictionary 376 (10th ed. 2014.)Google Scholar
24 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 104 & 105 (1995).Google Scholar
25 Black's, supra note 23 at 376.Google Scholar
26 Id.Google Scholar
27 Id. at 378.Google Scholar
28 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 79(2) & (3) (1995).Google Scholar
29 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 83(1) & (2) (1995).Google Scholar
30 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 84(1) (1995).Google Scholar
31 See generally const. of the FDRE, Arts. 78 & 79 (1995).Google Scholar
32 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 79(2) (1995).Google Scholar
33 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 30(1) (1995).Google Scholar
34 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 84(1) (1995).Google Scholar
35 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 82(2) (1995).Google Scholar
36 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 99 (1995).Google Scholar
37 The Federal Courts Proclamation Act was promulgated on February 15, 1996, as amended by Proclamation No. 138 of 1998.Google Scholar
38 For more information on the Ethiopian Sharia Courts, see Federal Courts of Sharia Consolidation Proclamation No. 188 of 1999.Google Scholar
39 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 55(6) (1995).Google Scholar
40 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 73 (1995).Google Scholar
41 The Constitution appeared in the Federal Negarit Gazeta, as proclamation 1st Year No. 1, on August 21, 1995.Google Scholar
42 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 1 (1995).Google Scholar
43 See generally const. of the FDRE, Arts. 10 & 13(1995).Google Scholar
44 See generally const. of the FDRE, Arts. 9 & 13 (1995).Google Scholar
45 See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 50 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 50(5) & 52(2)(a) (1995).Google Scholar
47 See the Constitutions of the nine States, some of which are available on the internet.Google Scholar
48 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 9(1) (1995).Google Scholar
49 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 9(2) (1995).Google Scholar
50 See generally const. of the FDRE, Arts.50 & 52 (1995).Google Scholar
51 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 9(4) (1995).Google Scholar
52 See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 104 (1995).Google Scholar
53 Id.Google Scholar
54 Id.Google Scholar
55 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 13–28 (1995).Google Scholar
56 Id.Google Scholar
57 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 29–34 (1995).Google Scholar
58 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 35–38 (1995).Google Scholar
59 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 39–44 (1995).Google Scholar
60 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 105(1) (emphasis added) (1995).Google Scholar
61 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 105(2) (1995).Google Scholar
62 Amharic is the official working language of Ethiopia. There are eighty languages and over 200 hundred dialects spoken in the country.Google Scholar
63 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 106 (1995).Google Scholar
64 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 12 (1995).Google Scholar
65 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 94 (1995).Google Scholar
66 Id.Google Scholar
67 Id.Google Scholar
68 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 95 (1995).Google Scholar
69 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 40(8) (1995).Google Scholar
70 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 51(5) (1995).Google Scholar
71 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 44 (1995).Google Scholar
72 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 100(1) & (2) (1995).Google Scholar
73 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 100 (3) (1995).Google Scholar
74 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 100 (2) (1995).Google Scholar
75 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 96(2) (1995).Google Scholar
76 See generally Const. of FDRE Art. 96 (1995).Google Scholar
77 Const. of the FDRE, Art.97 (1995).Google Scholar
78 Id.Google Scholar
79 They shall also collect rent on houses and other properties they own. See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 97(6) (1995).Google Scholar
80 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 97(7) & (10) (1995).Google Scholar
81 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 98 (1995).Google Scholar
82 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 99 (1995).Google Scholar
83 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 45 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
84 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 46 & 47(1) (1995).Google Scholar
85 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 47(4) (1995).Google Scholar
86 See generally const. of the FDRE, Arts. 51 & 93 (1995).Google Scholar
87 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 79(2) & (3) (1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
88 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 55(17) & (18) (1995).Google Scholar
89 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 50(8) (1995).Google Scholar
90 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 52(1) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
91 See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 52 (1995).Google Scholar
92 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 52(2)(f) (1995). In the implementation of this responsibility, the state must ensure that educational training and experience requirements for any job, title or position approximate the national standard.)Google Scholar
93 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 11 (1995).Google Scholar
94 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 11(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
95 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 47(2) (1995).Google Scholar
96 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 46(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
97 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 46 & 47 (1995).Google Scholar
98 Id.Google Scholar
99 Id.Google Scholar
100 See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 48 (1995).Google Scholar
101 Id.Google Scholar
102 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 39(5) (1995).Google Scholar
103 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 39(1) (1995). Also see generally Const, of the FDRE, Arts. 46–48 (1995).Google Scholar
104 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 39(2) (1995).Google Scholar
105 Id.Google Scholar
106 Id.Google Scholar
107 Id. Also see generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 61(2) (1995) for representation.Google Scholar
108 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 39(4) (1995).Google Scholar
109 Id.Google Scholar
110 Id.Google Scholar
111 See Const. of the FDRE, Arts.45 & 53 (1995).Google Scholar
112 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 50(3) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
113 See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 56 & 73(2). (1995).Google Scholar
114 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 54 (1995).Google Scholar
115 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art 58 (1995).Google Scholar
116 Id.Google Scholar
117 Id. Roughly this would be October 12 for Meskerem and July 7 for Sene.Google Scholar
118 Id.Google Scholar
119 Id.Google Scholar
120 Id.Google Scholar
121 Id.Google Scholar
122 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 60 (1995).Google Scholar
123 Id.Google Scholar
124 Id.Google Scholar
125 Id.Google Scholar
126 Id.Google Scholar
127 Id.Google Scholar
128 Id.Google Scholar
129 Id.Google Scholar
130 Id.Google Scholar
131 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 55 (1995).Google Scholar
132 See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 55(7) & 55(14) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
133 const. of the FDRE, Art. 57 (1995).Google Scholar
134 Id.Google Scholar
135 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 61 (1995).Google Scholar
136 Id.Google Scholar
137 Id.Google Scholar
138 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 62 (1995).Google Scholar
139 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 62 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
140 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 64Google Scholar
141 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 67 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
142 See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 62(2) & 82(1) (1995).Google Scholar
143 See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 82–84 (1995).Google Scholar
144 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 54 & 63 (1995).Google Scholar
145 Id.Google Scholar
146 Id.Google Scholar
147 Const, of the FDRE, ART. 69 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
148 Id.Google Scholar
149 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 69 & 70 (1995). Since the FDRE government was formed, Ethiopia has had three Presidents.Google Scholar
150 Id.Google Scholar
151 See Generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 71 (1995).Google Scholar
152 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 71(7) (1995).Google Scholar
153 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 28 (1995) for crimes against humanity.Google Scholar
154 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 28(2) (1995).Google Scholar
155 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 28(1) (1995).Google Scholar
156 International Federation for Human Rights, Ethiopia: pardon granted for 38 opposition party members. FIDH calls for the release of all the other political prisoners (July 20, 2007) https://www.fidh.org/International-Federation-for-Human-Rights/Africa/Ethiopia/Ethiopia-pardon-granted-for-38 (last visited July 14, 2015). (“The International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) welcomes the decision of Girma Wolde-Giorgis, the Ethiopian President, to grant pardon to 38 out of the 43 defendants sentenced to life or to years of prison on 16 July 2007 by the Federal High Court judge.”)Google Scholar
157 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 56 & 73(1995).Google Scholar
158 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 73(2) (1995).Google Scholar
159 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 73(1) (1995).Google Scholar
160 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 72(1) (1995).Google Scholar
161 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 74(1) (1995).Google Scholar
162 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 72(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
163 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 72(3) 91995).Google Scholar
164 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 60(1) (1995).Google Scholar
165 See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 74 (1995).Google Scholar
166 See Const. of the FDRE, Art.75 (1995).Google Scholar
167 Id.Google Scholar
168 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 76(1) (1995).Google Scholar
169 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 76(2) (1995).Google Scholar
170 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 76(3) (1995). See also Const, of the FDRE, Art. 93(2)(a) in case of declaration of state of emergency.Google Scholar
171 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 60(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
172 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 60(5) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
173 In the Ethiopian context, although there are some administrative agencies and corporations such as the National Bank, the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, the Investment Agency, the Electric Power Authority, etc. that propose bills to the HOPR, it is the Ministries, such as the Ministries of Education, Health, Communications, etc. that are instrumental in proposing bills to the HOPR.Google Scholar
174 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 77(13) (1995). In the United States, the Administrative Procedure Act of 1946 allows administrative agencies to have administrative law judges who can make decisions based on administrative laws.Google Scholar
175 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 77 (1995).Google Scholar
176 Which must be approved by the HOPR. Const. of the FDRE, Art. 77(3) (1995).Google Scholar
177 See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 77(10) (1995). In declaring a state of emergency, the COM shall, within the time limit prescribed by the Constitution, submit the proclamation declaring a state of emergency for approval by the HOPR.Google Scholar
178 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 93(1)(a) (1995).Google Scholar
179 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 51(6) (1995).Google Scholar
180 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 74(1) (1995).Google Scholar
181 Id.Google Scholar
182 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 62(9) (1995).Google Scholar
183 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 93(1)(b) (1995).Google Scholar
184 Id.Google Scholar
185 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 77(10) & 93(1)(a)(1995) for state of emergency.Google Scholar
186 See Const. of the FDRE Art. 93 (1995).Google Scholar
187 Id.Google Scholar
188 Id.Google Scholar
189 Id.Google Scholar
190 See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 76 & 77. Where Article 76 provides the COM is comprised of the Prime Minister the Deputy Prime Minister and other members (of the Cabinet, and Article 77(10) which gives the COM the power to declare state of emergency.Google Scholar
191 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 93(2)(b) 91995).Google Scholar
192 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 93(4)(c) (1995).Google Scholar
193 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 93(5) & (6) (1995).Google Scholar
194 For all provisions on state of emergency, refer to Const, of the FDRE, Art. 93 (1995).Google Scholar
195 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 49 (1995).Google Scholar
196 See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 50(8), 40(8), and 51(5) (1995).Google Scholar
197 For the power and function of Addis Abeba, refer to the Addis Abeba City Government Revised Charter Proclamation No. 361/2003.Google Scholar
198 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 78(1) (1995).Google Scholar
199 The Federal Courts Proclamation Act (“FCPR”) was promulgated by Act No. 25 on February 15, 1996, and amended by Act 138, 1988, to determine the jurisdictions and procedures of the federal courts on the basis of the Constitution.Google Scholar
200 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 79(1) & (2) (1995).Google Scholar
201 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 83 (1995).Google Scholar
202 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 80 (1995)Google Scholar
203 Id.Google Scholar
204 Id.Google Scholar
205 Id.Google Scholar
206 Id.Google Scholar
207 Id.Google Scholar
208 Id.Google Scholar
209 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 74(7). (1995).Google Scholar
210 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 81 & 55(13) (1995).Google Scholar
211 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 79(5) (1995).Google Scholar
212 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 79(4) (1995).Google Scholar
213 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 81(3) (1995).Google Scholar
214 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 81(4) (1995)Google Scholar
215 Id.Google Scholar
216 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 81(5) (1995).Google Scholar
217 The Federal Courts Proclamation Act (“FCPR”) was promulgated by Act No. 25 on February 15, 1996, and as amended by Federal Courts Proclamation No. 138/1998 and No. 32/2003, to determine the jurisdictions and procedures of the federal courts on the basis of the Constitution.Google Scholar
218 See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Part Two Section 3–5.Google Scholar
219 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 80 (1995) and FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 3–5.Google Scholar
220 FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 35(1).Google Scholar
221 FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 35(2).Google Scholar
222 FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 24(3).Google Scholar
223 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 80(6) (1995).Google Scholar
224 See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Part Two, Section 4.Google Scholar
225 See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Part Two, Section 5.Google Scholar
226 FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 6(1).Google Scholar
227 See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 6.Google Scholar
228 Id.Google Scholar
229 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 7.Google Scholar
230 See Const. of the FDRE, Arts.78 and 79 (1), (2) & (3) (1995).Google Scholar
231 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 27.Google Scholar
232 See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 28.Google Scholar
233 Id.Google Scholar
234 Id Google Scholar
235 Id.Google Scholar
236 Id.Google Scholar
237 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 29Google Scholar
238 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 30.Google Scholar
239 The jurisdiction of all courts listed in this section are taken from FCPA.Google Scholar
240 The president and Vice President of the Federal Supreme Court have dual functions. Both serve as judges in the Federal Supreme Court as well as President and Vice President, respectively of the CCI.Google Scholar
241 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 24.Google Scholar
242 See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Sections 4, 5, 19 & 20.Google Scholar
243 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Part Six, Section 20(3).Google Scholar
244 See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 8.Google Scholar
245 Without prejudice. See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 8(1).Google Scholar
246 FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 9.Google Scholar
247 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 10.Google Scholar
248 See the Federal High Court Establishment Proclamation No. 322/2003, April 8, 2003,Google Scholar
249 See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 11.Google Scholar
250 As of July 2015, 1 US Dollars was equal to 20.72 Ethiopian Birr.Google Scholar
251 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 12.Google Scholar
252 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 4(1).Google Scholar
253 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 4(2).Google Scholar
254 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 4(3).Google Scholar
255 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 4(8).Google Scholar
256 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 4(10).Google Scholar
257 See FCPA, supra note 217 at section 12(2).Google Scholar
258 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 13.Google Scholar
259 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 20.Google Scholar
260 As of July 2015, 1 US Dollars was equal to 20.72 Ethiopian Birr.Google Scholar
261 See FCPA supra note 217 at Section 14.Google Scholar
262 Id.Google Scholar
263 See FCPA supra note 217 at Section 5Google Scholar
264 See FCPA supra note 217 at Section 15.Google Scholar
265 FCPA, supra note 217 at Article 4(4).Google Scholar
266 Id. at Article 4(5).Google Scholar
267 Id. at Article 4(6).Google Scholar
268 Id. at Article 4(7).Google Scholar
269 Id. at Article 4(9).Google Scholar
270 See FCPA supra note 217 at Section 11(b).Google Scholar
271 See FCPA supra note 217 at Section 15(2).Google Scholar
272 See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 78 & 80 (1995).Google Scholar
273 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 34(5) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
274 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 78(5) (1995); and see also the case of In re Kedija Beshir, (2000), in Appendix A.Google Scholar
275 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 49 (1995).Google Scholar
276 See the Addis Abeba City Government Charter Proclamation No. 361/2003 (“AACP”).Google Scholar
277 AACP, supra note 276 at Section 43.Google Scholar
278 See generally AACP, supra note 276 at Part Seven.Google Scholar
279 See generally AACP, supra note 276 at Part Seven, Section 41.Google Scholar
280 See AACP, supra note 276 at Section 2. Also see the Code of Criminal Procedure Article 33 on issues of search warrant, Article 35 with regards to the power of the court to record statements and confessions, Article 53 regarding the issue of warrants, and Article 59 for issues of detention.Google Scholar
281 AACP, supra note 276 at Section 42(1).Google Scholar
282 AACP, supra note 276 at Section 42.Google Scholar
283 AACP, supra note 276 at Section 50Google Scholar
284 See AACP, supra note 276 at Section 50(2).Google Scholar
285 See AACP, supra note 276 at Section 50.Google Scholar
286 AACP, supra note 276 at Section 46.Google Scholar
287 AACP, supra note 276 at Section 47.Google Scholar
288 Id.Google Scholar
289 AACP, supra note 276 at Section 49.Google Scholar
290 See Federal Courts of Sharia Consolidation (“FCSC”), Negarit gazeta No.188/1999.Google Scholar
291 See FCSC, supra note 290 at Part Two, Section 4 for general jurisdiction.Google Scholar
292 FCSC, supra note 290 at Sections 3 & 4.Google Scholar
293 FCSC, supra note 290 at Section 24.Google Scholar
294 FCSC, supra note 290 at Section 23.Google Scholar
295 FCSC, supra note 290 at Section 11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
296 FCSC, supra note 290 at Section 8.Google Scholar
297 FCSC, supra note 290 at Section 9.Google Scholar
298 Id.Google Scholar
299 Id.Google Scholar
300 FCSC, supra note 290 at section 10.Google Scholar
301 See Negarit Gazeta Proclamation No. 211/2000.Google Scholar
302 Id.Google Scholar
303 Id.Google Scholar
304 Id.Google Scholar
305 Id.Google Scholar
306 Id.Google Scholar
307 The HRC was established by Proclamation No. 210/2000 on July 4, 2000.Google Scholar
308 Id. at Section 6.Google Scholar
309 For additional information, see Ethiopian Arbitration and Conciliation, http:www.abyssinialaw.com//study-On-line/item/338-ethiopia-arbitration-and-conciliation-center (last visited August 6, 2015).Google Scholar
310 See generally http://www.abyssinialawcom/study-on-line/item/338-ethiopianitration-and-conciliation-center (last visited August 14, 2015).Google Scholar
311 Id.Google Scholar
312 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 10(1) (1995).Google Scholar
313 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 10(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
314 See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 13(1) (1995).Google Scholar
315 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 13(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
316 See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 14–28 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
317 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 14 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
318 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 15 (1995).Google Scholar
319 Id.Google Scholar
320 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 16 (1995).Google Scholar
321 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 17 (1) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
322 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 17 (2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
323 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 18 (3) (1995) for definition of “forced or compulsory labor.”Google Scholar
324 Const. of the FDRE, Art. (1) (1995).Google Scholar
325 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 19(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
326 Id.Google Scholar
327 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 19(3) (1995).Google Scholar
328 Id.Google Scholar
329 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 19(3) & (1) (1995).Google Scholar
330 Id.Google Scholar
331 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 19(4) (1995).Google Scholar
332 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 19(5) (1995).Google Scholar
333 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 20(1) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
334 Id.Google Scholar
335 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 20(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
336 const. of the FDRE, Art. 20(3) (1995) (emphasis added).Google Scholar
337 See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 20(4) (1995).Google Scholar
338 See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 20(5) (1995) (emphasis added).Google Scholar
339 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 20(7) (1995).Google Scholar
340 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 22 (1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
341 Id.Google Scholar
342 Id.Google Scholar
343 See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 23 (1995).Google Scholar
344 See generally const. of the FDRE. Art. 24 (1995).Google Scholar
345 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 25 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
346 Id.Google Scholar
347 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 26(1) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
348 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 26(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
349 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 26(3) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
350 Id.Google Scholar
351 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 27(1) (1995)…Google Scholar
352 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 27(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
353 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 27(3) (1995).Google Scholar
354 Id.Google Scholar
355 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 27(5) (1995).Google Scholar
356 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 27(4) (1995).Google Scholar
357 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 27(5) (1995).Google Scholar
358 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 28(1) (1995).Google Scholar
359 Id.Google Scholar
360 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 90(2) (1995).Google Scholar
361 See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 29 (1995).Google Scholar
362 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 29(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
363 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 29(3) (1995).Google Scholar
364 Id.Google Scholar
365 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 29(4) (1995).Google Scholar
366 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 29(5) (1995).Google Scholar
367 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 29(6) (1995).Google Scholar
368 Id.Google Scholar
369 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 30(1) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
370 Id.Google Scholar
371 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 30(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
372 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 31 (1995).Google Scholar
373 Id.Google Scholar
374 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 32(1) (1995).Google Scholar
375 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 32(2) (1995). 376. Const. of the FDRE, Art. 33 (1995).Google Scholar
377 Id.Google Scholar
378 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 33(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
379 See generally const. of the FDRE, Arts. 33(3) & (4) (1995).Google Scholar
380 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 34(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
381 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 34(1) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
382 Id.Google Scholar
383 Id.Google Scholar
384 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 34(5) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
385 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 34(4) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
386 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 35(1) & (2) (1995).Google Scholar
387 CONST. OF THE FDRE Art. 35(3) (1995).Google Scholar
388 Id.Google Scholar
389 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 35(6) (1995).Google Scholar
390 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 35(7), (8) & (9) (1995).Google Scholar
391 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 35(5)(b) (1995).Google Scholar
392 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 36(2) (1995).Google Scholar
393 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 36(1) (1995).Google Scholar
394 Id.Google Scholar
395 Id.Google Scholar
396 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 36(4) (1995).Google Scholar
397 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 36(5) (1995).Google Scholar
398 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 36(3) (1995).Google Scholar
399 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 37(1) (1995).Google Scholar
400 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 38(1) (1995).Google Scholar
401 Id.Google Scholar
402 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 102 (1995).Google Scholar
403 Id.Google Scholar
404 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 38(2) (1995).Google Scholar
405 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 39(1) (1995).Google Scholar
406 Const. of the FDRE, 39(2) (1995).Google Scholar
407 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 39(4) (1995).Google Scholar
408 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 40(1) & (2) (1995).Google Scholar
409 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 40(3) (1995).Google Scholar
410 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 40(4) & (5) (1995).Google Scholar
411 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 40(6) (1995).Google Scholar
412 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 40(7) (1995).Google Scholar
413 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 41(1) (1995).Google Scholar
414 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 41(2) (1995).Google Scholar
415 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 41(9) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
416 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 40(4) & 40(5) (1995).Google Scholar
417 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 40(8) (1995).Google Scholar
418 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 42(1) (d) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
419 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art.42 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
420 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 43(1) & (2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
421 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 44 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
422 See Ethiopian Legal Blog, http://chilot.me/cassation-decisions/ (last visited July 14, 2015).Google Scholar
423 Constitutional interpretation is handled by a different governmental department.Google Scholar
424 Note: Ethiopia follows the Julian calendar and its seven years and eight months behind the Gregorian calendar. Sene falls in June and July while Meskerem falls in September and October of the Gregorian calendar. For example, Sene 30, 2007 of the Ethiopian calendar is July 7, 2015 of the Gregorian calendar and Meskerem 30, 2008 is October 11, 2015.Google Scholar
