Author's note: I thank Columbia University Council for Research in the Social Sciences for its support in making this study possible. Equal appreciation goes to Richard Bulliet, Abdul-Karim Rafiq, Kemal Karpat, Engin Akarli, Philip Khoury, Rashid Khalidi, and Gregory Gause III for their criticisms and suggestions. Any shortcomings are the sole responsibility of the author. An early version of this study was presented at the Fifth Biennial Conference, “Nationalisms on the Periphery of the Ottoman Empire,” organized by the Southwest Asian and North African Studies and Fernand Braudel Center, State University of New York at Binghamton, on 6–7 November 1992.

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