ACC/SCN (2000) Fourth report on the world nutrition situation. UN Administrative Committee on Coordination, Sub-Committee on Nutrition (ACC/SCN), in collaboration with IFPRI, Geneva. 121 pp.
Adamolekun, B. (1993) Anaphe venata entomophagy and seasonal ataxic syndrome in southwest Nigeria. Lancet 341, 629.
Adriaens, E. L. (1951) Recherches sur l'alimentation des populations au Kwango. Bull, agric. Congo belge 62, 473–550.
Armitage, P. D., Cranston, P. S. and Pinder, L. C. V. (Eds) (1995) The Chironomidae: Biology and Ecology of Non-biting Midges. Chapman & Hall, London. 572 pp.
Ashiru, M. O. (1988) The food value of the larvae of Anaphe venata Butler (Lepidoptera: Notouontidae). Ecol. Food. Nutr. 22, 313–320.
Bahuchet, S. (1975) Ethnozoologie des Pygmées Babinga de la Lobaye, République Centrafricaine, pp. 53–61. In l'Homme et l'Animal (Edited by Pujol, R). Premier Colloque d'Ethnozoologie. Institut International d'Ethnosciences, Paris.
Banuchet, S. (1990) The Aka pygmies: Hunting and gathering in the Lobaya forest, pp. 18–23. In Food and Nutrition m the African Rain Forest (Edited by Hladik, C. M., Bahuchet, S. and de Carine, L.). UNESCO, Paris. 96 pp.
Bani, G. (1995) Some aspects of entomophagy in the Congo. Food Insect Newsletter 8, 4–5.
Barreteau, D. (1999) Les Mofu-Gudur et leurs criquets, pp. 133–169. In L'homme et l'animal dans le bassin du lac Tchad. Actes du colloque du reseau Mega-Tchad, Orleans 15–17 octobre 1997 (Edited by Baroin, C. and Boutrais, J.). Editions IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement), Collection Colloques et Seminaires, no. 00/354. Université Nanterre, Paris.
Bergier, E. (1941) Peuples entomophages et insectes comestibles: Ètude sur les moeurs de l'homme et de l'insecte, imprimerie Rulliere Freres, Avignon.
Bequaert, J. (1921) Insects as food: How they have augmented the food supply of mankind in early and recent years. J. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 21, 191–200.
Blackwell, L. R. and d'Errico, F. (2001) Evidence of termite foraging by Swartkrans early hominids. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 1358–1363.
Bodenheimer, F. S. (1951) Insects as Human Food: A Chapter of the Ecology of Man. DrJunk, W., Publishers, the Hague. 352 pp.
Bouvier, G. (1945) Quelques questions d'entomologie vétérinaire et lutte contre certains arthropodes en Afrique tropicale. Acta trop. 2, 42–59.
Brothwell, D. and Brothwell, P. (1998) Food in Antiquity: A Survey of the Diet of Early Peoples. John Hopkins University Press, London. 283 pp.
Bukkens, S. G. F. (1997) The nutritional value of edible insects. Ecol. Food. Nutr. 36, 287–319.
Cerda, H., Martinez, R., Briceno, N., Pizzoferrato, L., Manzi, P., Tommaseo Ponzetta, M., Marin, O. and Paoletti, M. G. (2001) Palm worm: (Rhynchophorus palmarum) traditional food in Amazonas, Venezuela—nutritional composition, small scale production and tourist palatability. Ecol. Food Nutr. 40, 13–32.
Chavanduka, D. M. (1976) Insects as a source of protein to the Afr. Rhod. Sci. News 9, 217–220.
Chitsiku, I. C. (1989) Nutritive value of foods of Zimbabwe. Zambezia 16, 67–97.
Costermans, J. B. (1955) Het termieten stoken bij de Logo Avokaya (vervolg). Aequatoria 18e Année 1955(2): 50–55. Bibliotheek Afrika Museum, Tervuren, België.
Cotterril, H. B. (1968) Natural history appendix on the Kungu fly, pp. 415–417. In Travels and Researches among the Lakes and Mountains of Eastern and Central Africa from the journals of J. Frederic Elton (Edited by Cotterill, H. B.) (first published in 1879). Frank Cass & Co. Ltd., London. 417 pp.
Decary, R. (1937) L'entomophagie chez les indigènes de Madagascar. Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. (9 juin 1937), 168–169.
DeFoliart, G. R. (1995) Edible insects as minilivestock. Biodiversity and Conservation 4, 306–321.
DeFoliart, G. R. (1997) An overview of the role of edible insects in preserving biodiversity. Ecol. Food. Nutr. 36, 109–132.
DeFoliart, G. R. (1999) Insects as food: Why the western attitude is important. Annu. Rev. Ent. 44, 21–50.
Delmet, C. (1975) Extraction d'huile comestible d'Agonoscelis versicolor Fabricius, Heteroptere Pentatomidae, au Djebel Guli, Soudan, pp. 255–258. In l'Homme et l'Animal (Edited by Pujol, R.). Premier Colloque d'Ethnozoologie. Institut International d'Ethnosciences, Paris.
Dreyer, J. J. and Wehmeyer, A. S. (1982) On the nutritive value of mopanie worms. Sth. Afr. J. Sci. 78, 33–35.
Ernst, W. H. O. and Sekhwela, M. B. M. (1987) The chemical composition of lerps from the mopane psyllid, Arytaina mopane (Homoptera, Psyllidae). Insect Biochem. 17, 905–909.
Fasoranti, J. O. and Ajiboye, D. O. (1993) Some edible insects of Kwara State Nigeria. Amer. Entomologist 39, 113–116.
Faure, J. C. (1944) Pentatomid bugs as human food. J. ent. Soc. Sth. Afr. 7, 111–112.
Ferreira, A. (1995) Saving the mopane worm: South Africa's wiggly protein snack in danger. Food Insect Newsletter 8(1), 6.
Frears, S. L. (1995) Physiological ecology of the mopane worm, Imbrasia belina (Westwood)(Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), p. 55. In Proceedings of the Tenth Entomological Congress organised by the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 3–7 July 1995, Grahamstown. Entomological Society of Southern Africa, Pretoria.
Gelfand, M. (1971) Insects, pp. 163–171. In Diet and Tradition in African Culture. E&S Livingstone, Edinburgh.
Gessain, M. and Kinzler, T. (1975) Miel et insectes à miel chez les Bassari et d'autres populations du Sénégal Oriental, pp. 247–254. In l'Homme et l'Animal. Premier Colloque d'Ethnozoologie (Edited by Pujol, R.). Institut International d'Ethnosciences, Paris.
Ghesquière, J. (1947) Les insectes palmicoles comestibles, pp. 791–793. In Les Insectes des Palmiers, Appendice II (Edited by Lepesme, P. et Ghesqui, J.ère). Lechevalier, Paris. 903 pp.
Gomez, P. A., Halut, R. and Collin, A. (1961) Production de protèines animales au Congo. Bull. agric. Congo 52, 689–789.
Gordon, D. G. (1998) The Eat-a-bug Cookbook. The Speed Press, Berkeley. 102 pp.
Grimaldi, J. and Bikia, A. (1985) Le grand livre de la cuisine Camerounaise. SOPECAM, Yaoundé. 258 pp.
Grivetti, L. E. (1979) Kalahari agro-pastoral-hunter-gatherers: The Tswana example. Ecol. Food Nutr. 7, 235–256.
Harris, W. V. (1940) Some notes on insects as food. Tanganyika Notes Rec. 9, 45–48.
Hobane, P. A. (1995) Amacimbi: The gathering, processing, consumption and trade of edible caterpillars in Bulilimamangwe district. Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe. 33 pp.
B., Hölldobler and Wilson, E. O. (1990) The Ants. Springer Verlag, Berlin. 732 pp.
Houlder, J. A. (1960) Ohabolana ou proverbes Malgaches. Imprimerie Lutheeriennne, Tananarive. 216 pp.
ICIPE (1998) Commercial insects. Development of sericulture and apiculture technologies for enhancing the income generating potential of smallholders and conserving and utilising the natural resources of Africa, pp. 205–219. In Annual Scientific Report 1995–1997, Chapter 17. International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi.
Illgner, P. and Nel, E. (2000) The geography of edible insects in sub-Saharan Africa: A study of the mopane caterpillar. Geographical J. 166, 336–351.
Joulian, F. and Roulon-Doko, P. (1994) Comparaison d'une activité technique chez les hommes et chez les chimpanzés: La collecte des termites. Technique et culture 23–24, 29–62.
Kitsa, K. (1989) Contribution des insectes comestibles a l'amélioration de la ration alimentaire au Kasai Occidental. Zaire Afrique 239, 511–519.
Kodondi, K. K., LeClercq, M. and Gaudin-Harding, F. (1987) Vitamin estimations of three edible species of Attacidae caterpillars from Zaire. Internat. J. Vit. Nutr. Res. 57, 333–334.
Latham, P. (1999) Edible caterpillars of the Bas Congo region of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Antenna 23, 134–139.
Ledger, J. A. (1971) Arthropoda at Melville koppies useful as food for man or producing food materials. In Prehistoric Man in Johannesburg. The Archeology and Human Ecology of Melville Koppies Nature Reserve, Johannesburg. Possible Relations Between Man, Plants, Animals, Insects and Environment at Melville Koppies from Prehistoric Times Up to the 19th Century. The Johannesburg Council for Natural History. University of Witswatersrand, Johannesburg. Department of Archeology. Occasional papers 6 (March 1971).
Leleup, N. and Daems, H. (1969) Les chenilles alimentaires du Kwango: Causes de leur raréfaction et mesures préconisées pour y rémedier, J. Agric. trop. Bot. appl. 16, 1–21.
Lévy-Luxereau, A. (1980) Note sur quelques criquets de la région de Maradi (Niger) et leur noms Hausa. J. Agric. Trad. Bot. appl. 37, 263–272.
MacDonald, W. W. (1956) Observations on the biology of chaoborids and chironomids in Lake Victoria and on the feeding habits of the ‘elephant-snout fish’ (Mornyrus kannume Forsk.). J. Anim. Ecol. 25, 36–53.
Malaisse, F. (1997) Se nourrir en forêt claire africaine: Approche écologique et nutritionelle. Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux, Gembloux. 384 pp.
Malaisse, F. and Parent, G. (1980) Les chenilles comestibles du Shaba meridional. Naturalistes belg. 61, 2–24.
Mbata, K. J. (1995) Traditional uses of arthropods in Zambia. Food Insect Newsletter 8, 1–7.
Mbata, K. J., Chidumayo, E. N. and Lwatula, C. M. (2002) Traditional regulation of edible caterpillar exploitation in the Kopa area of Mpika district in northern Zambia. J. Insect Conservation 6, 115–130.
Mikkola, H. (1997) The use of wild foods in Malawi. Soc. Malawi J. 50, 40–53.
Mors, P. O. (1958) Grasshoppers as food in Buhaya. Anthrop. Q. 31, 56–58.
Mulissa, M. (1997) Time for eating nsenene in Bukoba. Daily News (Dar es Salaam), 4 December 1997.
Munthali, S. M. and Mughogho, D. E. C. (1992) Economic incentives for conservation: Beekeeping and Saturniidae caterpillar utilization by rural communities. Biodiversity and Conservation 1, 143–154.
Munyuli Bin Mushambanyi, T. (2000) Etude préliminaire orientée vers la production des chenilles consommables par l'élevage des papillons' Anaphe infracta (Thaumetopoeidae) à Lwiro, Sud-Kivu, République Démocratique du Congo. Tropicultura 18, 208–211.
Netolitzky, F. (1919) Käfer als Nahrungs und Heilmittel. Koleopt. Rdsch. 8, 21–26 and 47–60.
Nkouka, E. (1987) Les insectes comestibles dans les sociétés d'Afrique Centrale. Revue Scientifique et Culturelle du CICIBA, Muntu 6, 171–178.
Nonaka, K. (1996) Ethnoentomology of the central Kalahari San. African Study Monographs Suppl. 22, 29–46.
Oberprieler, R. (1995) The Emperor Moths of Namibia. Ecoguild, Hartbeespoort. 91 pp.
Ogutu, M. A. (1986) Sedentary hunting and gathering among the Tugen of Baringo district in Kenya. Sprache un Geschichte in Afrika 7, 323–338.
Osmaston, H. A. (1951) The termite and its uses for food. Uganda J. 15, 80–83.
Owen, D. F. (1973) Man's Environmental Predicament: An Introduction to Human Ecology in Tropical Africa. University Press, Oxford. 214 pp.
Pagezy, H. (1975) Les interrelations homme faune de la foret du Zaire, pp. 63–83. In l'Homme et l'Animal (Edited by Pujol, R.) Premier Colloque d'Ethnozoologie. Institut International d'Ethnosciences, Paris.
Pemberton, R. W. (1995) Catching and eating dragonflies in Bali and elsewhere in Asia. Amer. Entomologist (Summer 1995), 97–99.
Phelps, R. J., Struthers, J. K. and Moyo, S. J. L. (1975) Investigations into the nutritive value of Macrotermes falciger (Isoptera: Termitidae). Zoologica Africana 10, 123–132.
Quin, P. J. (1959) Food and Feeding Habits of the Pedi With Special Reference to Identification, Classification, Preparation and Nutritive Value of the Respective Foods. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg. 278 pp.
Ramos-Elorduy, J. (1990) Edible insects: Barbarism or solution to the hunger problem?, pp. 151–158. In Ethnobiology: Implications and Applications Vol. I. Proceedings of the First International Congress of Ethnobiology, 1988, Belém (Edited by Posey, D. A. and Overal, W. L.). Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém. 363 pp.
Ramos-Elorduy, J. (1997) Insects: A sustainable source of food. Ecol. Food. Nutr. 36, 247–276.
Ramos-Elorduy, J. (1998) Creepy Crawly Cuisine: The Gourmet Guide to Edible Insects. Park Street Press, Rochester.
Roscoe, J. (1965) The Baganda: An Account of Their Native Customs and Beliefs. Frank Cass & Co., Ltd., London.
Roulon-Doko, P. (1998) Les activités de cueillète, pp. 247–342. In Chasse, cueillette et culture chez les Gbaya de Centrafrique. Éditions l'Harmattan, Paris.
Roodt, V. (1993) The Shell Field Guide to the Common Trees of the Okavango Delta and the Moremi Game Reserve, 113 pp.
Santos Oliveira, J. F. S., Passos de Carvalho, J., Bruno de Sousa, R. F. X. and Madalena Simao, M. (1976) The nutritional value of four species of insects consumed in Angola. Ecol. Food. Nutr. 5, 91–97.
Schebesta, P. (1957) Annotationes sur “Insektenkost beim Menschen”. Anthropos 52, 24–32.
Scholtz, C. H. (1984) Useful Insects. De Jager-HAUM Publishers, Pretoria. 48 pp.
Seignobos, C., Deguine, J. P. and Aberlenc, H. P. (1996) Les Mofu et leurs insectes, J. d'Agric. Trad. Bota. Appl. 28, 125–187.
Sekhwela, M. B. M. (1988) The nutritive value of Mophane bread—Mophane insect secretion (Maphote or Maboti). Botswana Notes and Records 20, 151–153.
Silow, C. A. (1976) Edible and other insects of mid-westen Zambia. Studies in Ethno-entomology II. Occasional Papers V, Institutionen för Allmän och Jämförande Etnografi vid Uppsala Universitet. Almqvist & Wiksell, Uppsala. 223 pp.
Silow, C. A. (1983) Notes on Ngangela and Nkoya Ethnozoology: Ants and Termites. Etnol. Studier, No. 36. Etnografiska Museum, Göteborg, Sweden. 177 pp.
Skaife, S. H. (1979) African Insect Life. Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd., London. 279 pp.
Stigter, H., Geraedts, W. H. J. M. and Spijkers, H. C. P. (1997) Thaumetopoea processionea in the Netherlands: Present status and management perspectives (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae). Proc. Exp. Appl. Entomol., N.E.V. Amsterdam 8, 3–16.
Sutton, M. Q. (1990) Insect resources and plio pleistocene hominid evolution, pp. 195–207. In Ethnobiology: Implications and Applications (Edited by Posey, D. A. and Overal, W. L.) Vol. I. Proceedings of the First International Congress of Ethnobiology, 1988, Belém. Museu Paraense Emìlio Goeldi, Belém.
Takeda, J. (1990) The dietary repertory of the Ngandu people of the tropical rain forest: An ecological and anthropological study of the subsistence activities and food procurement technology of a slash and burn agriculturist in the Zaire river basin. African Study Monographs Suppl. 11, 1–75.
Takeda, J. and Sato, H. (1993) Multiple subsistence strategies and protein resources of horticulturists in the Zaire basin: The Nganda and the Boyela, pp. 497–504. In Tropical Forests, People and Food: Biocultural Interactions and Applications to Development (Edited by Hladik, C. M., Hladik, A., Linares, O. F., Pagezy, H., Semple, A. and Hadley, M.). Unesco, Man and the Biosphere Series: V. 13. UNESCO, Paris.
Muyay, Tango (1981) Les insectes comme aliments de l'homme. CEEBA Publications 69 (Série II). 177 pp.
Taylor, R. L. and Carter, B. J. (1996) Entertaining With Insects. Or: The Original Guide to Insect Cookery. Woodbridge Press Publishing Company. 160 pp.
Thémis, J.-L. (1997) Des insectes à croquer: Guide de découvertes. Les éditions de l'homme, Québec. 134 pp.
Tihon, L. (1946) A propos des termites au point de vue alimentaire. Bull, agric. Congo belge 37, 865–868.
Turk, D. (1990) Leguminous trees as forage for edible caterpillars. Nitrogen-Fixing-Tree-Research-Reports 8, 75–77.
Van Huis, A. (1996) The traditional use of arthropods in sub-Saharan Africa. Proc. Exp. Applic. Entomol., N.E.V. Amsterdam 7, 3–20.
Weaving, A. (1973) Insects: A Review of Insect Life in Rhodesia. Irwin Press Ltd., Salisbury.
Wheeler, W. M. (1927) Ants: Their Structure, Development and Behavior. Columbia University Press, New York. 663 pp.