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Strategies for integrated cotton pest control in the Sudan. 1 — Cultural and legislative measures

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

El Tigani M. El Amin  and
Musa A. Ahmed
El Tigani M. El Amin
Affiliation:
Agricultural Research Corporation, Wad Medani, Sudan
Musa A. Ahmed
Affiliation:
Agricultural Research Corporation, Wad Medani, Sudan
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Abstract

Commercial cotton growing in the Sudan dates from 1867. At present, about 400,000 ha of various cotton cultivars are grown under different irrigation systems. The production of this main cash crop has been faced with a multitude of entomological and pathological problems, some of which were tackled through the adoption of specific cultural practices or enforcement of legislative regulations.

When cotton treatment with synthetic organic insecticides was initiated in the mid 1940s against Empoasca lybica de Berg, the impressive preliminary results have encouraged over-reliance on chemical control at the expense of other measures. This rather limited approach of control strategy has contributed partially to the appearance of new pests in damaging levels e.g. Heliothis armigera (Hbn.), Bemisia tabaci (Genn), Aphis gossypii (Glov) and Spodoptera littoralis. The principal measure for their control is insecticide application.

The cost of crop protection soared to ten-fold during the last 20 years. The annual number of sprays applied to cotton increased from one to seven sprays. To overcome the ever increasing use and high costs of pesticides on cotton growing, the Agricultural Research Corporation undertook intensive research programmes to find answers to major crop protection problems. Since 1978 researchers are directing their efforts towards the development and implementation of integrated pest management strategies to include cultural and legislative measures, as well as the use of more selective insecticides.

Résumé

La culture du coton au Soudan en tant que produit de rente date de 1867. Actuellement, plus de 400.000 hectares sont cultivés avec differentes variétés et sous divers systèmes d'irrigation.

La production de cette principale culture de rente est confrontée à de multiples problèmes entomologiques et phytopathologiques pouvant être combattus à travers l'adoption de pratiques culturales ou le renforcement de règies législatives.

Lorsque le traitement du coton avec des insecticides organiques de synthèse fut initiée contre Empoasca lybica De Derg au milieu des années 1940, les résultats préliminaires ont été impressionnants et ont encouragé la lutte chimique exclusivement aux dépens des autres mesures.

Cette approche plutôt limitée dans une stratégie de lutte aura contribué partiellement à l'apparition de ravageurs à desniveaux de dégats économiques, comme par exemple, Heliothis armigera (Hbn), Bemisia tabaci (Genn), Aphis gossypii (Glov) et Spodoptera littoralis. La principale méthode de lutte appliquée a été encore la lutte chimique.

Le cout de production a augmenté de 10 fois au cours des 20 dernières années. Le nombre d'applications insecticides par campagne est passé de 1 à 7.

A fin de contenir l'emploi toujours croissant des pesticides et leur cout élevé, la Recherche Agronomique a entrepris de programmes intensifs pour trouver des réponses aux problèmes majeurs de la culture. Depuis 1978, les chercheurs ont orienté leurs efforts vers le développement et l'application d'une stratégie de lutte intégrée incluant aussi bien des pratiques culturales et des mesures législatives que l'emploi d'insecticides plus sélectifs.

Keywords

Empoasca lybicachemical controlcultural measureslegislative measuresHeliothis armigeraBemisia tabaciAphis gossypiiSpodoptera littoralis
Type
Part I: Symposium on Integrated Pest Management and Environmental Conservation: Pest Management Strategies and Practices
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 12 , Special Issue 5-6: Aspects of Pest Management in Relation to Agricultural Production and Environmental Conservation in Africa , December 1991 , pp. 547 - 552
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1991

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References

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