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Queering the humanitarian principles of neutrality and impartiality: Implications for humanitarian action, IHL effectiveness and gender justice
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 April 2024
Abstract
Institutions are often reluctant to openly engage on controversies around the patriarchal underpinnings of the humanitarian sector, or the hard questions around implementing rights-based approaches in spaces where the dominant social norms run counter to an enabling environment for principled humanitarian and development assistance. A reluctance to engage on these issues can lead to unintended suppression of gender justice efforts under the urgency and scale of needs-based humanitarian response. Pre-crisis unequal power relations can be visible or invisible, difficult to measure and even more difficult to address through humanitarian action. Engaging on root causes and drivers of human suffering is often viewed as “political” in contexts of closing civic space and restricted humanitarian access. This article will explore tensions and synergies between the humanitarian principles and the gender justice agenda with a view to helping humanitarian actors contribute to long-term goals of transforming social norms. The article applies a critical feminist lens to the humanitarian principles of neutrality and impartiality, with a focus on the wider development agenda, the nature of the State in a State-centric global order, and the continuum of violence. Drawing on critical feminist theory and decolonization discourses, and building on gender analyses of international humanitarian law, this article looks to queer the humanitarian principles of neutrality and impartiality within the context of the shifting aid system in which they are applied. The objective is help address some of the gaps in literature, identify ways in which aid actors can reduce unintended harm to the gender justice agenda, and help contribute to the more transformative agendas of gender justice.
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- Research Article
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- Copyright
- Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of ICRC
Footnotes
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This article expresses the views of the author. These personal reflections are not intended as a comprehensive statement of the agreed policies of Oxfam.
The advice, opinions and statements contained in this article are those of the author/s and do not necessarily reflect the views of the ICRC. The ICRC does not necessarily represent or endorse the accuracy or reliability of any advice, opinion, statement or other information provided in this article.
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123 UN, “Security Council Emphasizes that Punitive Restrictions on Women's Rights, Escalating Hunger, Insecurity Taking Devastating Toll in Afghanistan”, 8 March 2023, available at: https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15222.doc.htm.
124 UNFPA Ukraine, “Masculinity Today: Men's Attitudes to Gender Stereotypes and Violence against Women”, June 2018, available at: https://ukraine.unfpa.org/en/publications/masculinity-today-mens-attitudes-gender-stereotypes-and-violence-against-women.
125 Louise Arimatsu and Christine Chinkin, “War, Law and Patriarchy”, London School of Economics, 5 April 2022, available at: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/wps/2022/04/05/war-law-and-patriarchy/.
126 Cori Fleser, Beyond Munitions: A Gender Analysis for Ukrainian Security Assistance, Atlantic Council, 15 August 2022, available at: www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/issue-brief/beyond-munitions-a-gender-analysis-for-ukrainian-security-assistance/.
127 Oraimi, Suadd Al and Antwi-Boateng, Osman, “Surviving the Patriarchy: Ukrainian Women and the Russia-Ukraine War”, Journal of International Women's Studies, Vol. 25, No. 6, August 2023Google Scholar, available at: https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3137&context=jiws.
128 GFCF, above note 47.
129 Hugo Slim, “Solidarity, Not Neutrality, Will Characterize Western Aid to Ukraine”, Ethics and International Affairs, 3 October 2022, available at: www.ethicsandinternationalaffairs.org/online-exclusives/solidarity-not-neutrality-will-characterize-western-aid-to-ukraine.
130 Nela Porobić, “Holding onto Nonviolence and Feminism in the Midst of War”, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, 9 May 2022, available at: www.wilpf.org/holding-onto-nonviolence-and-feminism-in-the-midst-of-war.
131 Ukraine Peace Appeal, “Ukraine Peace Appeal: Towards a More Informed Solidarity”, 2023, available at: www.ukrainepeaceappeal2023.info/.
132 Ukraine Civil Society Speaker, Women, Peace and Security side event at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Annual Forum on Peace and Development, 2023.
133 O'Sullivan, Mila, “‘Being Strong Enough to Defend Yourself’: Untangling the Women, Peace and Security Agenda amidst the Ukrainian Conflict”, International Feminist Journal of Politics, Vol. 21, No. 5, 2019Google Scholar.
134 Ukraine Civil Society Speaker, above note 132.
135 Zainab Moallin, Karen Hargrave and Patrick Saez, Navigating Narratives in Ukraine: Humanitarian Response amid Solidarity and Resistance, HPG Working Paper, ODI, 19 September 2023, available at: https://odi.org/en/publications/navigating-narratives-in-ukraine-humanitarian-response-amid-solidarity-and-resistance/.
136 CARE, Rapid Gender Analysis: Ukraine, October 2023, available at: https://careevaluations.org/wp-content/uploads/RGA_Ukraine_2023_ENG.pdf.
137 Ukraine Civil Society Speaker, above note 132; Mila O'Sullivan, “Where Are the Ukrainian Women? Respecting Female Voices Now and in Post-War Times”, Henrich Böll Stiftung, 4 April 2022, available at: https://cz.boell.org/en/node/2573.
138 Fatma Jaffar, Speaking Up: The Role of Women in Building Peace in Yemen, Oxfam, 2023, available at: https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/621481/bp-speaking-up-the-role-of-women-in-building-peace-in-Yemen-080323-en.pdf?sequence=4; ACAPS, “Yemen: Gender Dynamics, Roles and Needs”, April 2023, available at: www.acaps.org/fileadmin/Data_Product/Main_media/20230411_acaps_thematic_report_yemen_gender_dynamics_roles_and_needs.pdf.
139 OCHA, “Gender Considerations in the Humanitarian Response in Yemen”, 2014, available at: https://response.reliefweb.int/yemen/gender-considerations-humanitarian-response-yemen.
140 Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Yemen, “Update on Efforts to Secure a UN Roadmap to End the War in Yemen”, 23 December 2023, available at: https://osesgy.unmissions.org/update-efforts-secure-un-roadmap-end-war-yemen.
141 Thuraya Dammaj, “War Passing Over Women's Bodies”, Sana'a Center for Strategic Studies, 27 December 2023, available at: https://sanaacenter.org/the-yemen-review/nov-dec-2023/21555.
142 Julien Barnes-Dacey and Cinzia Bianco, “Internalising Peace: How to Build on Saudi-Iranian De-escalation for a Settlement in Yemen”, European Council on Foreign Relations, 19 April 2023, available at: https://ecfr.eu/article/internalising-peace-how-to-build-on-saudi-iranian-de-escalation-for-a-settlement-in-yemen/.
143 Civil Society Platform for Peacebuilding and Statebuilding, “Navigating the Nexus: A Case for Yemen”, 17 April 2020, available at: https://cspps.org/Navigating-the-Nexus-Yemen.
144 Niku Jafarnia, “Houthis Violating Women's and Girls’ Rights in Yemen: UN Experts Highlight Widespread Harm”, Human Rights Watch, 6 February 2023, available at: www.hrw.org/news/2023/02/06/houthis-violating-womens-and-girls-rights-yemen.
145 Yemen Women, Peace and Security Roundtable with Civil Society Voices, UK Parliament Hearing (All Party Parliamentary Group on Women Peace and Security), 11 July 2023.
146 Ahmed Nagi, “Catching Up on the Back-Channel Talks in Yemen”, International Crisis Group, 10 October 2023, available at: www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/yemen/catching-back-channel-peace-talks-yemen.
147 UN, “Truce Providing Serious Opportunity for Ending Yemen's Long Conflict, Briefers Tell Security Council”, 17 April 2023, available at: https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15258.doc.htm.
148 Jena Jaensch, “A Seat at the Negotiating Table: How Women are Building Peace in Yemen”, The Interpreter, 16 January 2023, available at: www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/seat-negotiating-table-how-women-are-building-peace-yemen.
149 C. O'Rourke, above note 16, pp. 143–144, 148–149.
150 Increased militarization and declining respect for IHL, combined with increased restrictions on civic space globally, are having a detrimental impact on local and national accountability. Given the high propensity for anti-NGO laws in many countries, sustained engagement from conflict-affected communities in IHL development becomes an issue of both risk and resources, and can skew civil society engagement in IHL development back toward the “global North”. See Kristina Roepstorff, Localisation and Shrinking Civic Space: Tying Up the Loose Ends, Centre for Humanitarian Action, 2020, available at: www.chaberlin.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/2020-05-publication-localisation-shrinking-civic-space-roepstorff-en.pdf.
151 Elizabeth Stubbins Bates, “Emerging Voices: Is Dissemination Sufficient to Promote Compliance with International Humanitarian Law?”, OpinioJuris, 13 August 2013, available at: http://opiniojuris.org/2013/08/13/emerging-voices-is-dissemination-sufficient-to-promote-compliance-with-international-humanitarian-law/.
152 Niki Ignatiou and Alice Ramsay, Leading the Way: The Nexus through a Feminist Lens, ActionAid, 2022, available at: www.actionaid.org.uk/publications/leading-way-nexus-through-feminist-lens.
153 Marc DuBois, Triple Nexus – Threat or Opportunity for the Humanitarian Principles?, Centre for Humanitarian Action, 7 May 2020, available at: www.chaberlin.org/en/publications/triple-nexus-threat-or-opportunity-for-the-humanitarian-principles-2/.
154 Sen, Amartya, Development as Freedom, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999, pp. 4–5Google Scholar.