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Development of a growing degree-day model to estimate Linaria vulgaris shoot emergence and prospects for improving biological control efforts

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 March 2022

Suzanne Blatt Open the ORCID record for Suzanne Blatt [Opens in a new window] ,
Rosemarie De Clerck-Floate Open the ORCID record for Rosemarie De Clerck-Floate [Opens in a new window]  and
Scott N. White Open the ORCID record for Scott N. White [Opens in a new window]
Suzanne Blatt*
Affiliation:
Research Entomologist, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS, Canada
Rosemarie De Clerck-Floate
Affiliation:
Research Scientist, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
Scott N. White
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor, Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Dalhousie University Faculty of Agriculture, NS, Canada
*
Author for correspondence: Suzanne Blatt, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, 32 Main Street, Kentville, NSB4N 1J5, Canada. (Email: suzanne.blatt@agr.gc.ca)
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Abstract

Yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris Mill.; Scrophulariaceae) is an invasive herbaceous perennial weed of agricultural and natural habitats throughout North America. In pastures or native rangelands, use of biological control is an attractive option, particularly if the agent can be established quickly. Rhinusa pilosa (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a stem-galling weevil, was first released in Canada in 2014 to evaluate its potential to control L. vulgaris. Rhinusa pilosa requires young, vigorously growing shoots to establish. Ability to estimate when adequate shoots will be available could inform release timing, thus improving establishment success. There is currently no growing degree-day (GDD) model for L. vulgaris. Our main objective was to develop a GDD model for the emergence of L. vulgaris shoots and discuss the utility of such a model in relation to the establishment of R. pilosa in Nova Scotia. Four sites containing five randomly placed 1-m2 quadrats were monitored for the emergence of L. vulgaris shoots twice weekly in spring to summer 2017 and 2018 by recording number of shoots and shoots with flower buds. A GDD (Tbase 2 C) model for shoot emergence of L. vulgaris was developed and validated using independent shoot emergence data. Shoots emerged in the spring between 124 and 244 GDD with 90% of all shoots emerged between 681 and 1,117 GDD. Model estimation for the initiation of shoot emergence was 74 GDD, with 10%, 50%, and 90% shoot emergence estimated to occur at 179, 409, and 811 GDD, respectively. Rhinusa pilosa adults were released in 2016 (three sites) and 2017 (one site), and number of shoots with galls was recorded. Galls were observed in all three sites in 2016 and in three of the four sites in 2017, with none found in 2018. Timing of release and soil moisture are discussed as factors affecting establishment of R. pilosa in Nova Scotia.

Keywords

Biocontrol agent establishmentplant emergence modelsoil moistureyellow toadflax
Type
Research Article
Information
Invasive Plant Science and Management , Volume 15 , Issue 1 , March 2022 , pp. 9 - 15
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Copyright
© Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and the Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Weed Science Society of America

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Footnotes

Associate Editor: Darren J. Kriticos, CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences

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