Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-p2v8j Total loading time: 0.001 Render date: 2024-05-24T18:02:49.368Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Family Business in Iran since the Islamic Revolution as a Mode of Coordination

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 January 2022

Thierry Coville*
Affiliation:
French Research Center for International and Strategic Studies (IRIS), Novancia Business SchoolParis

Abstract

There has been very little research on family businesses (FBs) in Iran. Taking an institutional point of view, this article, based on a survey conducted in Iran, demonstrates that since the 1979 revolution FBs in Iran have been key intermediaries between political pressure from the top and societal trends from below. FBs in Iran since the revolution can be considered as a perfect mode of coordination reflecting “capitalism from below.” Based on unconditional support among the family members, they are perfectly adapted to the low-trust environment in Iran since the revolution. As a mode of coordination, the family business was also essential in protecting the modernization of Iranian society in promoting the role of women and the value of competency. It was also a mode of coordination which enabled FBs to protect their property rights which were threatened by a predatory state.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Association For Iranian Studies, Inc 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adelkhah, Fariba, The Thousand and One Borders of Iran: Travel and Identity. New York: Routledge, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adelkhah, Fariba, Être moderne en Iran. Paris: Karthala, 2016.Google Scholar
Amsiran. “Zian chafofiat mali baroyeh bakhch khossoussi” [Loss due to financial transparency for the private sector]. amsiran.com, October 19, 2016. http://www.amsiran.com/6715/6715/Google Scholar
Amuzegar, Jamshid, “The Iranian Economy before and after the Revolution.” Middle East Journal 46 (1992): 413425.Google Scholar
Banfield, Edward Christie, The Moral Basis of a Backward Society. New York: Free Press, 1967.Google Scholar
Baumol, William Jack, “Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and Destructive.” Journal of Political Economy 98 (1990): 893921. doi: 10.1086/261712CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Behdad, Sohrab, “Production and Employment in Iran: Involution and De-industrialization Thesis.” In: The Economy of Islamic Iran: Between State and Market, ed. Coville, Thierry, 85111. Tehran: Institut français de recherche en Iran, 1994.Google Scholar
Behdad, Sohrab, and Nomani, Farhad. Class and Labor in Iran: Did the Revolution Matter? New York: Syracuse University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Carney, Michael, “Minority Family Business in Emerging Markets: Organization Forms and Competitive Advantage.” Family Business Review 20 (2007): 289300. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-6248.2007.00097.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandler, Alfred Dupont, The Visible Hand: the American Revolution in American Business. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977.Google Scholar
Claessens, Stijn, Djankov, Simeon, and Lang, Larry H.P.. “The Separation of Ownership and Control in East Asian Corporations.” Journal of Financial Economics 58 (2000): 81112. doi: 10.1016/S0304-405X(00)00067-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Commons, John Rogers, Social Reform and the Church. New York: TY Crowell, 1894.Google Scholar
Coville, Thierry, Iran, la révolution invisible. Paris: La Découverte, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coville, Thierry, “The Economic Activities of the Pasdaran.” Revue Internationale des Etudes du Développement 229 (2017): 91111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eek, Daniel, and Rothstein, Bo. “Exploring a Causal Relationship between Vertical and Horizontal Trust.” QOG Working Paper 4, 2005.Google Scholar
Elias, Norbert, The Civilizing Process. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.Google Scholar
Erami, Narges, and Keshavarzian, Arang. “When Ties Don’t Bind: Smuggling Effects, Bazaars and Regulatory Regimes in Post-revolutionary Iran.” Economy and Society 44 (2015): 110139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fama Eugene, Francis, and Jensen, Michael Cole. “Agency Problems and Residual Claims.” Journal of Law and Economics 26 (1983): 327349. doi: 10.1086/467038CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greif, Avner, “History Lessons: The Birth of Impersonal Exchange: the Community Responsibility System and Impartial Justice.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 20 (2006): 221236. doi: 10.1257/jep.20.2.221CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greif, Avner, Milgrom, Paul, and Weingast, Barry Robert. “Coordination, Commitment, and Enforcement: The Case of the Merchant Guild.” Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 745776. doi: 10.1086/261953CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hafdehtan, Saïd Hossein, “Āsib shenā va paidār sāz eshteghāl dar moasesāt kouchak va motevaset” [Identification of the problems and sustainable employment in SMEs]. Karafarinan Amir Kabir 35 (2008): 11.Google Scholar
Harris, Keivan, “The Rise of the Subcontractor State: Politics of Pseudo-privatization in the Islamic Republic of Iran.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 45 (2013): 4570. doi: 10.1017/S0020743812001250CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Crisis Group. “Spider Web: the Making and Unmaking of Iran Sanctions.” Middle East Report 138. Brussels, February 25, 2013. https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/iran/138-spider-web-making-and-unmaking-iran-sanctionsGoogle Scholar
International Monetary Fund. Islamic Republic of Iran: Article IV Consultation. IMF Country Report, 18/93, Washington, DC, 2018.Google Scholar
International Monetary Fund. Islamic Republic of Iran: Selected Issues. IMF Country Report, 18/94, Washington, DC, 2018.Google Scholar
Jensen, Michael, and Meckling, William. “ Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure.” Journal of Financial Economics 3 (1976): 305360. doi: 10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keddie, Nikkie, and Yann, Richard. Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Keshavarzian, Arang, Bazaar and State in Iran: The Politics of the Tehran Marketplace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khalatbari, Firouzeh, “Iran: A Unique Underground Economy.” In L’économie de l’Iran islamique, entre l’État et le marché, ed. Coville, Thierry, 113131, Tehran: Institut Français de Recherche en Iran, 1994.Google Scholar
Khanna, Tarun, and Yafeh, Yishay. “Business Groups in Emerging Markets: Paragons or Parasites?Journal of Economic literature 45 (2007): 331372. doi: 10.1257/jel.45.2.331CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khosrokhavar, Farhad, “Two Types of Secularization: The Iranian Case.” In Worlds of Difference, ed. Arjomand, Saïd Amir, and Reiss, Elisa, 121154. London: Sage, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiong, Tong Chee, and Kee, Yong Pit. “Guanxi Bases, Xinyong and Chinese Business Networks.” British Journal of Sociology 49 (1988): 7596. doi: 10.2307/591264CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kornai, Janos, “The Hungarian Reform Process: Visions, Hopes, and Reality.” Journal of Economic Literature 24 (1986): 16871737.Google Scholar
La Porta, Rafael, Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio, and Shleifer, Andrei. “Corporate Ownership around the World.” Journal of Finance 54 (1999): 471517. doi: 10.1111/0022-1082.00115CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ladier-Fouladi, Marie, “La famille en Iran entre l’inflexion démographique et la naissance de l’État providence.” Population 57 (2002): 391400.Google Scholar
Lansberg, Ivan, Perrow, Edith, and Rogolski, Sharon. “Family Business as an Emerging Field.” Family Business Review 1 (1988): 18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindblom, Charles Edward, Politics and Markets. New York: Basic Books, 1977.Google Scholar
Maloney, Suzan, “Agents or Obstacles? Parastatal Foundations and Challenges for Iranian Development.” In The Economy of Iran: Dilemmas of an Islamic State, ed. Alizadeh, Parvin, 145176, New York: I.B. Tauris, 2000.Google Scholar
John, McMillan, and Woodruff, Christopher. “Dispute Prevention without Courts in Vietnam.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 15 (1999): 637658. doi: 10.1093/jleo/15.3.637Google Scholar
McMillan, John, and Woodruff, Christopher. “Interfirm Relationships and Informal Credit in Vietnam.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 114 (1999): 12851320. doi: 10.1162/003355399556278CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMillan, John, and Woodruff, Christopher. “Private Order under Dysfunctional Public Order.” Michigan Law Review 98 (2000): 24212458. doi: 10.2307/1290349CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morck, Randall, Wolfenzon, Daniel, and Yeung, Bernard. “Corporate Governance, Economic Entrenchment, and Growth.” Journal of Economic Literature 43 (2005): 655720. doi: 10.1257/002205105774431252CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nee, Victor, and Opper, Sonja. Capitalism from Below: Markets and Institutional Change in China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
North, Douglass Cecil, “Institutions.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 5 (1991): 97112. doi: 10.1257/jep.5.1.97CrossRefGoogle Scholar
North, Douglass Cecil, “Transaction Costs through Time.” Economics Working Paper Archive at WUSTL, 1994.Google Scholar
North, Douglass Cecil, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polanyi, Karl, Primitive, Archaic, and Modern Economies: Essays of Karl Polanyi, ed. Dalton, Georges. New York: Anchor Books, 1968.Google Scholar
Polanyi, Karl, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1944.Google Scholar
Pollak, Robert, “A Transaction Cost Approach to Families and Households.” Journal of Economic Literature 23 (1985): 581608.Google Scholar
Pwc. “The Family Firm: Central to the Success of the Middle-East.” Pwc, 2013. https://www.pwc.com/m1/en/publications/documents/family-firm-english.pdfGoogle Scholar
Rashidi, Ali, “The Process of De-privatization in Iran after the Revolution of 1979.” In The Economy of Islamic Iran: Between State and Market, ed. Coville, Thierry3768. Tehran: Institut français de recherche en Iran, 1994.Google Scholar
Rose-Ackerman, Susan, “Trust and Honesty in Post-Socialist Societies.” Kyklos 54 (2001): 415443. doi: 10.1111/1467-6435.00161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothstein, Bo, “Creating Trust From Above: Social Capital and Institutional Legitimacy.” ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops 611, 2001.Google Scholar
Saeidi, Ali Asrar, “The Accountability of Para-governmental Organizations (bonyād): The Case of Iranian Foundations.” Iranian Studies 37, no. 3 (2004): 479498. doi: 10.1080/0021086042000287541CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saeidi, Ali Asrar, and Chirinkan, Fereidun. Muqciat-i tojār va ṣāḥebān-i ṣanā dar dowreh pahlavi: sarmāyedāri khānevānegi khādān-e lājevardi[The situation of trader and industrialist during the Pahlavi regime: the business of the Ladjevardi family]. Tehran: Gâm Nâ, 2005.Google Scholar
Saeidi, Ali Asrar, and Chirinkan, Fereidun. Muqciat-i tojār va ṣāḥebān-i ṣanā dar dowreh pahlavi: zendegi va kārnāmeh mohamad rahimmotaqi iravāni[The situation of trader and industrialist during the Pahlavi regime: the life and work achievement of Mohammad Rahim Motaqi Irvani]. Tehran: Gâm Nâ, 2009.Google Scholar
Saeidi, Ali Asrar, and Chirinkan, Fereidun. Muqciat-i tojār va ṣāḥebān-i ṣanā dar irān aṣr-i pahlavi: zendegi va kārnāmeh ḥaj mohamadtaqi barkhurdār[The situation of trader and industrialist during the Pahlavi regime: the life and work achievement of Hadj Mohamad Taqi Barkhordor]. Tehran: Gâm Nâ, 2009.Google Scholar
Salehi-Isfahani, Djavad, “Poverty and Income Inequality in the Islamic Republic of Iran.” Revue Internationale des Etudes du Développement 229 (2017): 113136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Secklow, Steve, Deghanpisheh, Babak, and Torbati, Yeganeh. “Assets of the Ayatollah: The Economic Empire behind Iran’s Supreme Leader.” Reuters, November 11, 2013. https://www.reuters.com/investigates/iran/#article/part1Google Scholar
Shambayati, Hootan, “The Rentier State, Interest Groups, and the Paradox of Autonomy: State and Business in Turkey and Iran.” Comparative Politics 26 (1994): 307331. doi: 10.2307/422114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tagiuri, Renato, and Davis, John. “Bivalent Attributes of the Family Firm.” Family Business Review 9 (1996): 199208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uslaner, Eric, “The Bulging Pocket and the Rule of Law: Corruption, Inequality, and Trust.” Paper presented at the conference The Quality of Government: What It Is, How to Get It, Why It Matters, 17–19 November 2005. The Quality of Government Institute, Department of Political Science, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden, 1719.Google Scholar
Uslaner, Eric, “Trust and Corruption.” In The New Institutional Economics of Corruption, ed. Lambsborff, Johann Graff, Taube, Markus, and Schramm, Matthias, 7692. London: Routledge, 2005.Google Scholar
Vahabi, Mehrdad, “An Introduction to Destructive Coordination.” American Journal of Economics and Sociology 68 (2009): 353386. doi: 10.1111/j.1536-7150.2009.00641.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vahabi, Mehrdad, “Ordres contradictoires et coordination destructive: le malaise iranien.” Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d’études du développement 30 (2010): 503534. doi: 10.1080/02255189.2010.9669314CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vahabi, Mehrdad, The Political Economy of Predation: Manhunting and the Economics of Escape. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Weber, Max, Économie et société 1: Les catégories de la sociologie. Paris: Plon, 1971.Google Scholar
Weber, Max, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism: And Other Writings. London: Penguin, 2002.Google Scholar
Whyte, Martin King, “The Chinese Family and Economic Development: Obstacle or Engine?Economic Development and Cultural Change 45 (1996): 130. doi: 10.1086/452256CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, Oliver Eaton, Markets and Hierarchies: Antitrust Analysis and Implications. New York: The Free Press, 1975.Google Scholar
Williamson, Oliver Eaton, “Transaction Cost Economics.” In Handbook of Industrial Organization, ed. Schmalensee, Richard, and Willig, Robert, 135182. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1989.Google Scholar
Williamson, Oliver Eaton, “Comparative Economic Organization: The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives.” Administrative Science Quarterly 36 (1991): 269296. doi: 10.2307/2393356CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, Oliver Eaton, “Calculativeness, Trust, and Economic Organization.” Journal of Law & Economics 36 (1993): 453486. doi: 10.1086/467284CrossRefGoogle Scholar