Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-x4r87 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T09:54:31.540Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

HPA axis overactivity and the pathogenesis of depression

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 June 2014

Jogin H Thakore*
Affiliation:
St Bartholomew's Hospital, London EC1A 7BE, England
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Editorial
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996

References

1.Houk, JC. Control strategies in physiological systems. FASEB J 1988; 2: 97107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2.Koob, GF, Bloom, FE. Corticotropin-releasing factor and behaviour. FASEB 1985; 44: 259–63.Google Scholar
3.Farese, RV. Phosphoinositide metabolism and hormone action. Endocr Rev 1983; 4: 7895.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Dallman, M, Akana, SF, Scibner, KA, et al. Stress, feedback and facilitation in the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis. J Neuroendocrinol 1992; 4: 517–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.De Kloet, ER, Reul, JM. Feedback action and tonic influence of corticosteroids on brain function: a concept arising from the heterogeneity of brain receptor systems. Psychoneuroendocrinol 1987; 12: 83105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Dinan, TG. Glucocorticoids and the genesis of depressive illness: a psychobiolgocial model. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 164: 365–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Nemerhoff, CB, Widerlov, E, Bissette, G, et al.Elevated concentrations of corticotropin releasing factor like immunoreactivity in depressed patients. Science 1984; 226: 1342–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Gold, PW, Goodwin, FK, Chrousos, GP. Clinical and biochemical manifestations of depression: relation to the neurobiology of stress (second of two parts). N Engl J Med 1986; 319: 413–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9.Trimble, MR. Biological Psychiatry. Chichester: Wiley, 1988: 241–81.Google Scholar
10.Van der Kar, LD, Brownfield, MS. Serotonergic neurons and neuroendocrine function. N Pharmacol Sci 1993; 8: 202–7.Google Scholar
11.Osestram, Q, Verleunt, T, Zuiderwijk, J, et al.Effect of long term corticosteroid administration on rat pituitary growth hormone and prolactin. Acta Endocrinologica 1985; 108: 475–8.Google Scholar
12.De Kloet, ER, Sybesma, H, Reul, HMHM. Selective control of serotonin receptor capacity in raphe-hippocampal system. Neuroendocrinology 1986; 42: 513–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Lopez-Calderon, A, Ariznavarreta, C. Calderon, MD, et al.Role of the adrenal cortex in chronic stress-induced inhibition of prolactin secretion in rats. J Endocrinol 1989; 120: 269–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.Di Scullio, A, Bluet, MT, Mounier, P, et al.Changes in anterior pituitary levels after serotonin 1A receptor stimulation. Endocrinology 1990; 127: 567572.Google Scholar
15.Dickinson, SL, Kennett, GA, Cruzon, G. Reduced 5-hydroxytryptamine-dependent behaviour in rats following chronic corticosterone treatment. Brain Res 1985; 345: 10–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Bagdy, G, Calogero, AE, Aulakh, CS, et al.Longterm Cortisol treatment impairs behavioural and neuroendocrine responses to 5-HT1 agonists in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 1989; 50: 241–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17.Dinan, TG. The role of Cortisol in spontaneous and stimulated prolactin release. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol (in press).Google Scholar
18.O'Keane, V, Dinan, TG. Prolactin and Cortisol responses to d-fenfluramine in major depression: evidence for dimished reponsivity of central serotonergic function. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 1009–15.Google Scholar
19.Siever, LJ, Murphy, D, Slater, S, et al.Plasma prolactin following fenfluramine in depressed patients compared to controls: an evaluation of central serotonergic responsivity in depression. Life Sci 1984; 34: 1029–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20.Heninger, GR, Charney, DS, Sternberge, DE. Serotonergic function in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41: 398402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21.Mitchell, P, Smythe, G. Hormonal responses to fenfluramine in depressed and control subjects. J Affect Dis 1990; 19: 4351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Liposits, Z, Phelix, C, Paull, WK. Synaptic interactions of serotonergic axons and corticotropin-releasing factor synthesising neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the rat. Histochemistry 1987; 86: 541–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23.Jhanwar-Uniyal, M, Liebowitz, SF. Impact of circulating corticosterone on alpha-1 and alpha-2 noradrenergic receptors in discrete brain areas. Brain Res 1986; 368: 404–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24.Pacak, K, Palkovits, M, Kvetnansky, R, et al.Catecholaminergic inhibition by hypercortisolaemia in the paraventricular nucleus of the conscious rat. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 4814–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Coupland, N, Glue, P, Nutt, DJ. Challenge tests: assessment of the noradrenergic and GABA systems in depression and anxiety disorders. 1992 Mol Asp Med; 13: 221–47.Google Scholar
26.Katona, CLE, Theodorou, AE, Davies, SI, et al.Platelet binding and neuroendocrine responses in depression. In: Deakin, JFW, editor. The biology of depression. London: Gaskell, 1986.Google Scholar
27.Dinan, TG, Barry, S. Responses of growth hormone to desipramine in endogenous and non-endogenous depression. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 156: 680–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28.Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. Acute adverse reactions to prednisone in relation to dosage. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1972; 13: 694–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29.Hall, CRW, Popkin, MK, Stickney, SKet al.Presentation of the steroid psychosis. J Nerv Ment Dis 1979; 167: 229–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Smyllie, HC, Connolly, CK. Incidence of serious complications of corticosteroid theapy in respiratory disease. Thorax 1968; 23: 571–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31.Wolkowitz, OM, Rubinow, D, Doran, AR, et al.Prednisone effects on neurochemistry and behaviour. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47: 963–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32.Murphy, BEP. Steroids and depression. J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol 1991; 38: 537–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33.Dorn, LD, Burgess, ES, Dubbert, Bet al.Psychopathology in patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome: ‘atypical’ or melancholic features ? Clin Endocrinol 1995; 43: 433–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34.De Kloet, ER. Brain corticosteroid receptor balance and homeostatic control. Front Neuroendocrinol 1992; 12: 95164.Google Scholar
35.Jeffcoate, WJ, Silverstone, TJ, Edwards, CRW, et al.Psychiatric manifestations of Cushing's syndrome: response to lowering of plasma Cortisol. Quart J Med 1979; 48: 465–72.Google ScholarPubMed
36.Starkman, MN, Scheingart, DE, Schork, MA. Cushing's syndrome after treatment; changes in Cortisol and ACTH levels, and amelioration of the depressive syndrome. Psychiatry Res 1986; 17: 177–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37.Ribeiro, SCM, Tandon, R, Grunhaus, L, et al.The DST as a predictor of outcome in depression: a meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150: 1618–29.Google ScholarPubMed
38.Holsboer-Trachsler, E, Stohler, R, Hatzinger, M. Repeated administration of the combined dexamethasone/hCRH stimulation test druing the treatment of depression. Psychiatry Res 1991; 38: 163–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39.Holsboer-Trachsler, E, Hemmeter, U, Hatzinger, M, et al.Sleep and bright light as potential augmenters of antidepressant drug treatment, neurobiological and psychometric assessment of course. J Pscyhiatry Re 1994; 28: 381–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40.Thakore, JH, Dinan, Tg. Cortisol synthesis inhibion: a new treatment strategy for the clinical and endocrine manifestations of depression. Biol Psychiatry 1995; 37: 364–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41.Rubin, RT, Phillips, JJ, Sadow, TF, et al.Adrenal Gland volume in major depression: increase during the depressive episode and decrease with successful treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 213–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42.Dinan, TG. Glucocorticoids and the genesis of depressive illness: a psychobiological model. Br J Psychiatry 164: 365–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43.Barden, N, Reul, JMHM, Holsber, F. Do antidepressants stabilise mood through actions on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocoritcal system? Trends Neursci 195; 18: 611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44.Montokowski, A, Barden, N, Wotjak, C, et al.Longt-term antidepressant treatment reduces behavioural deficits in transgenic mice with impaired glucocorticoid receptor function. Neuroendocrinol 1995; 7: 841845.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45.Murphy, BEP. Dhar, V, Ghadirian, Am, et al.Response to steroid suppression in major depression resistant to antidepressant therapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991; 11: 121–6.Google ScholarPubMed
46.Murphy, BEP. Treatment of major depression with steroid suppressive drugs. J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol 1991; 39: 239–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47.Wolkowitz, OM, Reus, VI, Manfredi, F, et al.Ketoconazole administration in hypercortisolaemic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150: 810–12.Google Scholar
48.Thakore, JH, Dinan, TG. Effect of fluoxetine on dexamethasone-induced growth hormone responses in depression: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 616–8.Google ScholarPubMed
49.O'Dwyer, AM, Lightman, S, Marks, MN, et al.Treatment of major depression with metyrapone and hydrocortisone. J Affect Disord 1995; 33: 123–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50.Krishnan, KRR, Reed, D, Wilson, WHet al.RU486 in depression. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1992; 16: 913–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51.Murphy, BEP, Filipini, D, Gharidian, AM. Possible use of glucocorticoid receptor antagonists in the treatment of major depression: preliminary results using RU486. J Psychiatry Neurosci 1993; 18: 209–13.Google Scholar
52.Arana, GW. Intravenous dexamethasone for symptoms of major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry (letter) 1991; 10: 1401–2.Google Scholar
53.Arana, GW, Forbes, R. Dexamethasone for the treatment of depression: a preliminary report. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52: 304–6.Google ScholarPubMed
54.Arana, GW, Santos, AB, Laraia, MT, et al.Dexamethasone for the treatment of depression: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 265–7.Google ScholarPubMed