¹ Cf. Weber, Max, Rechtssoziologie, hgg. und eingel. Winckelmann, Von Johannes, 2. Aufl., Neuwied am Rhein, 1967, 243.Google Scholar

² Ibid., English translation by K. Ginther.

³ Cf. Huber, Max, Beiträge zur Kenntnis der soziologischen Grundlagen dės Völkerrechts und der Staatengesellschaft, in: (1910) IV Jahrbuch des öffentliches Rechts der Gegenwart, 56.Google Scholar

⁴ Cf. Seidmann, Robert, The State, Law and Development, London, 1978, 15.Google Scholar

⁵ With regard to the question of changing paradigms in the study of international law: see Falk, Richard, “A New Paradigm for International Law Studies: Prospects and Proposals”, (1975) Yale L.J. 969;Google ScholarTipson, F. S., “From International Law to World Public Order: Who Studies What, How, Why?”, (1977) 4 Yale Studies in World Political Order 39, (at 59);Google Scholar and Konrad Ginther, “System-wandel und Theoriendynamik”, in Feuerstein, Peter und Parry, Clive (Hg.), Multum Non Multa, FS für Kurt Lipstein, Heidelberg, 1980, 31.Google Scholar

⁶ This refers, inter alia, to older theories of sovereignty and social contract (Hobbes, Locke), to the beliefs of the so-called “second enlightenment” (J. S. Mill), to the socio-political creed and the teachings of liberalism and Marxism; all in all to European ideas and ideologies of social progress and salvation on the one hand, and on the other to new theories of development and social change and to political thought in developing countries, together with their myths (e.g., to African “founding fathers”—schools of political thought). Here one will have to reconsider also convictions like the “historic mission of America … to offer to man a land of liberty …” (O.A.S., , Bogota Charter, 1948Google Scholar), the “spiritual and moral values which are the common heritage of their [i.e., European] peoples … political liberty and rule of law … which form the true bases of all genuine democracy” (Statute of the Council of Europe, 1949), the Soviet doctrine of peaceful coexistence and of solidarity with the developing countries, and especially the ideal of African unity (Charter of the O.A.U., 1963) within the larger context of the doctrine and the principles of non-alignment.

⁷ Cf. Schmitt, Carl, Der Nomos der Erde im Völkerrecht des Ius Publicum Europaeum, Köln, 1950Google Scholar. See further: Schindler, Dietrich, “Universelles und regionales Völkerrecht], in: Recht ah Prozeβ und Gefüge, FS für Hans Huber, Bern, 1981, 609Google Scholar, with further references.

⁸ This term has, as far as can be seen, not yet been in use. The same idea is given another name: Mazrui, Ali, Towards a Pax Africana. A Study of Ideology and Ambition, London, 1967Google Scholar, speaks of a “principle of continental jurisdiction” and of a “concept of Pax Africana], replacing Pax Britannica; id., The African Condition, London, 1980, 113 ff.Google Scholar; McDougal, Myres S. and Lasswell, H. D., “The Identification and Appraisal of Diverse Systems of Public Order], (1959) 53American Journal of International Law 1, at 10, would speak of a “regional public order system].Google Scholar

⁹ Cf. Kolakowski, Leszek, Die Gegenwärtigkeit des Mythos, München, 2nd ed., 1974, 163 ffGoogle Scholar. The former foreign minister of Senegal, Doudou Thiam, stated in 1963, with regard to the prospective future of African unity, that Africa had by then not yet transcended a mythological conception of African unity. But, he continued, the conception of African unity deserved to be further analysed: Thiam, Doudou, La politique etrangère des états africains, Paris, 1963Google Scholar, quoted here according to the German translation by Jankowitsch, Odette, Die Auβenpolitik der afrikanischen Staaten, Düsseldorf, 1966, 200Google Scholar. Pax Africana is, however, not only a question of how Africans conduct their affairs with Africans; it is also a question of how they act on the inter-regional and global level of international relations, and how non-African states react (Mazrui, , op. cit., 1967, 214Google Scholar). As an example, the Lagos Plan of Action of 29 April, 1980, E/CN. 14 /781/Add. 1, a translation of African unity into terms of “collective self-reliance” within the larger context of a new international economic order, will have to be viewed with due consideration to its underlying ideal and myth of African unity within a world community based on specific groupings of states and regionalism. See also Mayall, James, “African Unity and the O.A.U.: The Place of a Political Myth in African Diplomacy”, in (1973) Yearbook of World Affairs, 100Google Scholar.

¹⁰ This has been pointed out with all desirable clarity by Visscher, Charles de, Théories et réalités en droit international public, Paris, 1953,Google Scholar who refers to the dangers to lose touch with reality if an over-rigid approach of formal norm-positivism is adopted. He pleads that the socio-political and moral context be considered more thoroughly as part of the conditions of effectivity of international law. “Contextual approach” has even become the name of a whole new school of international lawyers; see; Schreuer, Christoph, “New Haven Approach and International Law”, in: id. (ed.) Autorität und Internationale Ordnung, Berlin, 1979, 63.Google Scholar

¹¹ Cf. Bernhardt, Rudolf, “Verfassungsrecht und internationale Lagen”, (1977) Die Öffentliche Verwaltung, Heft 13/14, 457;Google ScholarZuleg, Manfred, “Zum Standort des Verfassungsstaates im Geflecht der internationalen Beziehungen”Google Scholar, ibid., 462; Tomuschat, Christian, “Der Verfassungsstaat im Geflecht der internationalen Beziehungen”, (1978) Veröffentlichungen der Vereinigung der Deutschen Staatsrechtslehrer, Heft 36;Google ScholarHäberle, Peter, “Der kooperative Verfassungsstaat”, in: Recht und Gesellschaft, FS für Helmut Schelsky, Berlin, 1978, 141,Google Scholar and most recently Fiedler, Wilfried, “Auswärtige Gewalt und Verfassungsgewichtung, Zum Problem des internationalen Verfassungsrechts”, in: Staatsrecht—Völkerrecht—Europarecht (Hg. Münch), FS für Hans-Jürgen Schlochauer, 1981, 57.Google Scholar

¹² Tomuschat, , op. cit., 8.Google Scholar

¹³ Bruns, Viktor, “Völkerrecht als Rechtsordnung”, (1921) 1 Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, 1;Google Scholar and Mosler, Hermann, (1976) 36 Völkerrecht als Rechtsordnung 6.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Reality is used here in the sense of the effect which emanates from facts and which determines man and his understanding of the world and of himself. Historical reality thus implies active participation of those who are responsible and capable to establish and shape a common opinion. See with regard to this: Frobenius, Leo, Kulturgeschichte Afrikas. Prolegomena zu einer historischen Gestaltlehre, Zürich, 1933, 19 ffGoogle Scholar. As to the question of historical reality and its basis in so-called “social facts”, which exert an influence on opinion and through opinion see Lévy-Bruhl, Henri, “Was ist eine historische Tatsache?”, (1927) XLIIGoogle Scholar Revue de Synthèse, quoted here according to the German translation (Hromadka, W.), in: Lévy-Bruhl, , Soziologische Aspekte des Rechts, Berlin, 1970, 125Google Scholar ff. With regard to “cultural” and “political bias” in grasping “social facts” see Ake, Claude, Social Science as Imperialism. A Theory of Political Development, Ibadan, 1979.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Cf. Mill, J. S., “A few words on non-intervention”, in: Dissertations and Discussions, Vol. III, 1859Google Scholar, reprinted in Goldwin, R. A., Lerner, R., Stourzh, G. (Hg.), Readings in World Politics, 4. Auflage 1957, 39 ff (at 47):Google Scholar

“To characterize any conduct whatever towards a barbarous people as a violation of the law of nations, only shows that he who so speaks has never considered the subject. A violation of great principles of morality it may easily be; but barbarians have no right as a nation, except a right to such treatment as may, at the earliest possible period, fit them for becoming one.”

¹⁶ Djamson provides a good example for an approach taking account of the colonial past while dealing with a contemporary treaty, when discussing the Lomé Treaty together with the Berlin Treaty of 1885; see Djamson, Eric C., The Dynamics of Euro-African Co-operation, The Hague, 1976, 249 ffCrossRefGoogle Scholar:

“Whereas the Conference of Berlin was largely a unilateral action by the colonial powers in their search for peaceful competition over the raw material potentials of the African Continent, the Brussels negotiations offer the opportunity for the erstwhile colonial powers to re-examine their future economic, social and possibly, political relations with the emergent States of the Third World on a footing of sovereign equality and mutual respect.” “On the part of the Africans, the Brussels Conference must offer new vistas for a rewarding co-operation with Europe without the incidence of a status of inferiority and patronage. The Berlin Conference is a historical fact and cannot be jettisoned without qualms. The Africans, like their European counterparts, must be constantly reminded of what went wrong if those injustices are not to be resuscitated in more complex forms.”

¹⁷ Cf. Simma, Bruno, “Völkerrecht in der Krise?” in: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Außenpolitik 4/80, 273Google Scholar. See further Dembinski, Ludwik, “Territory and the development of international law,” (1975) 31 Annuaire Suisse de Droit International 121, at 141 ffGoogle Scholar.

¹⁸ Cf. Wildhaber, Luzius, “Wo steht das Volkerrecht heute?—Versuch einer Standortbestimmung”, (1980) 36 Schweizerisches Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht 75.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Cf. Flory, Maurice, Droit international du développement, Paris, 1977;Google Scholar and Benedek, Wolfgang, “The Lomé Convention and the …New International Economic Order”, in this volume, 74, with further references.Google Scholar

²⁰ See the extensive bibliography at Bedjaoui, Mohammad, Towards a New International Economic Order, Paris, 1979, 263 ff.Google Scholar

²¹ These problems are treated from an economic point of view by: Saunders, Christopher T. ed.), East–West–South: Economic Interactions between Three Worlds, London, 1981Google Scholar and Inotai, András, “East–West and North–South: development trends, conflicts and co-operation in an interdependent world,” paper presented at the Bilateral Meeting between Institute for World Economics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Instituto Affari Internationali, Rome, 11–13 02, 1981; id.Google Scholar, “Regional integration in the new world economic environment”, (1978) 20 (4) Acta Oeconomica 395.Google Scholar

²² As to “nation-building” in general: Pye, Lucian W., The Human Dimension of Nation Building, New Haven, 4th ed., 1966;Google Scholar as to the political thought at the basis of the African process of nationbuilding, see Mutiso, Cyrus M. and Rohio, S. W. (eds.), Readings in African Political Thought, London, 1975.Google Scholar For an introduction to basic issues of African states in search for a new society, see Davidson, Basil, Africa in Modern History. The Search for a New Society, Harmondsworth, 1978, 197 ff.Google Scholar See further Michalon, Thiery, “Quel état pour l'Afrique?”, (1978) Présence Africaine, 3e Trimestre, 13 ff.Google Scholar As to regional and sub-regional co-operation and organisation see the Directory of Intergovernmental Co-operation Organizations in Africa, ECA: E:CN. 14/CEC/l/Rev. 2, 1978.Google Scholar As to O.A.U., see Woronoff, Jon, Organizing African Unity, Metuchem, 1970;Google ScholarWolfers, Michael, Politics in the Organization of African Unity, London, 1976;Google Scholar and Kunig, Philip, Das völkerrechtliche Nichteinmischungsprinzip. Zur Praxis der Organisation der afrikanischen Einheit … (with an English summary), Baden-Baden, 1981Google Scholar, and the literature quoted there. As regards regional and subregional integration, see Akintan, S. A., The Law of International Economic Institutions in Africa, Leyden, 1977Google Scholar, and Asante, S. K. B., “Economic Integration in West-Africa: Problems and Prospects”, Vierteljahresberichte, Nr. 81, 09 1980, 239.Google Scholar

²³ 20 of 30 L.L.D.C.s are African states: Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Upper Volta.

²⁴ 28 of 45 M.S.A.C. countries are African states: Benin, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda, United Republic of Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, Upper Volta.

²⁵ Cf. Gordenker, Leon, “The O.A.U. and the U.N.: can they live together?”, in Mazrui, Ali A. and Patel, H. H., Africa: the Next Thirty Years, Lewes, 1974, 105Google Scholar, and Berhanykun Andemichael, The O.A. U. and the U.N., New York, 1976, 194 ffGoogle Scholar.

²⁶ Potholm, Christian and Dale, Richard, Southern Africa in Perspective. Essays in Regional Politics, New York/London, 1972Google Scholar, with a comprehensive bibliography. See furtherS.I.P.R.I, (ed.), Southern Africa. The Escalation of a Conflict. A Politico-Military Study, Stockholm/New York, 1976.Google ScholarJoe Slovo, “South Africa—no middle road”, in Davidson, Basil et al. Southern Africa. The New Politics of Revolution, Harmondsworth, 1977, 106;Google ScholarJohnson, R. W., How long will South Africa Survive?, London, 1977;Google Scholar and Hanf, Theodor, Weiland, Heribert, Vierdag, Gerda, Südafrika: Friedlicher Wandel? Möglichkeiten demokratischer Konfliktregelung, München, 1978Google Scholar.

²⁷ South Africa is increasingly regarded as a case of “internal colonialism”. This means that in its political regime the original colonial structures are maintained and operated from within. South Africa went even so far as to build the state as a whole on racialism and discriminatory politics, which form the substance of its apartheid laws. It conceives its foreign policy so as to gain control over what is called the “constellation of states” and tries thus to preserve the present status quo of economic domination in the sub-region. South Africa profits from the economic dependence of the so-called front-line states, a remnant from colonialism, in particular as regards the sectors of transport and food supply. The front-line states have in April 1980 founded the S.A.D.C.C., so to say a “counter-constellation of states”. The primary objectives of coordination between the nine S.A.D.C.C. states are agriculture and food production and amelioration of the infra-structure of the region. They have thereby to rely heavily on outside financial aid and place great hopes in Western states, above all in the E.E.C. Cf. Southern Africa: Toward Economic Liberation. A Declaration of Southern Africa made at Lusaka on 1 04, 1980Google Scholar, and the speech of Masire, Q. K. J. to the Joint Session of the Development Committee of the European Parliament and European members of the Joint Committee of the A.C.P.–E.E.C. Consultative Assembly, Brussels, 21 10, 1980.Google Scholar

²⁸ Cf. 1981 Review: Development Co-operation. Efforts and Policies of the Members of the D. A. C, Paris, 1981, 41 ffGoogle Scholar. The author refers further to “the world's other great (and more populous) ‘poverty belt’—South Asia—as well as … South-East Asia, … the Caribbean … and the scattered South Pacific Islands.”

²⁹ Cf. Wedl, Henning v., “Entwicklungspolitik wozu?”, (1973) Verfassung und Recht in Übersee 327Google Scholar; Bechtold, Karl-Heinz W., “The diffusion of innovations as a precondition of economic development and social change”, (1978) 18 Law and State, 108Google Scholar, and Wigholm, S., “Entwicklungsbegriffe”, in: Internationale Entwicklung, 1978/III, 9.Google Scholar

³⁰ Twining, W., Academic law and legal development, Taylor Lectures, Lagosq, 1975.Google Scholar

³¹ Twenty years ago Hans Baade wrote in the introduction to African Law (Baade, H., ed., New York, 1963)Google Scholar, that there was at least at the present no typical African school of thought in public international law as contrasted with the Latin American doctrine. He continued that little danger to traditional “Western” values and concepts lurked in a specific “African” conception of law, national or international; and that “finally the really singular telescoping of articulate societal and legal development into an unprecedentedly short time-span affords the comparative scholar a splendid opportunity not only to see other societies in actual development, but also to comprehend his own legal frame of reference more thoroughly and more modestly”.

³² Cf. Ansprenger, Franz, Auflösung der Kolonialreiche, München, 2.Aufl. 1973Google Scholar; Virally, Michel, “Droit et décolonisation devant les Nations Unies”, (1963) Annuaire Francais de Droit International, 508Google Scholar; and Grohs, Gerhard and Tibi, B. (Hg.), Zur Soziologie der Dekolonisierung in Afrika, Frankfurt am Main, 1973Google Scholar.

³³ Cf. Martin, Michael T. and Cohen, H., “ ‘Late capitalism’ and race and neo-colonial domination: discontinuities in marxist theory”, (1980) Présence Africaine, 3e Trimestre, 29Google Scholar.

³⁴ See with regard to the critique of ethnocentrism and racialism of social anthropology Ojiaku, Mazi Okoro, “European tribalism and African nationalism”, Civilisations, 22/03/1972, 387.Google Scholar

³⁵ Cf. SirRoberts-Wray, Kenneth, Commonwealth and Colonial Law, London, 1966.Google Scholar

³⁶ Cf. Verwey, Will D. “The recognition of the developing countries as special subjects of international law beyond the sphere of United Nations resolutions”, Hague Academy and U.N. University (ed.), The Right to Development, The Hague, 1980, 372.Google Scholar

³⁷ See above, n. 19.

³⁸ See above, n. 22 and 23.

³⁹ Speech given at the meeting of the Group of 77 in Algiers in October, 1967; (1971) 1 Verfassung und Recht in Übersee 52. Doudou Thiam demanded that the old colonial pact be replaced by new law: “nous devons proclamer …pour les nations du Tiers-Monde le droit au developpement”. With regard to the discussion of a human right to development see Question of the Realization in all Countries: The Economic, Social and Cultural Rights … The International Dimension of the Right to Development as a Human Right, Report of the Secretary-General: E/CN.4/1334 (2 01, 1979);Google Scholar and Mbaye, K., “Emergence of the ‘right to development’ as a human right in the context of the New International Economic Order”: SS-78/CONF.630/8 (Paris, 16 06, 1979)Google Scholar. See also Verwey, op. cit.

⁴⁰ Information (spokesmen group) P-92, October, 1979, Information of the Commission of the European Communities.

⁴¹ Cf. Mock, Erwin, Afrikanische Pädagogik, Wuppertal, 1979Google Scholar; see further Nyerere, Julius “Education and liberation”, (1976) African development Vol. I/3, 5Google Scholar; see with regard to the neglect of African priorities and development needs in higher education in Francophone States President Houphouet-Boigny, in West Africa 13 10, 1980, 200Google Scholar; see further Thomson, Kenneth W., “Values and education. A worldwide review”, (1977) The Yearbook of World Affairs 327, 233Google Scholar. See also the O.A.U.-Cultural Charter for Africa (opened for signature and ratification on 5 June 1976), art. 6, lin. 1, lit. c: “The adaptation of educational curricula to development needs and the national needs of African cultural and social reality” should be given priority as regards the principles of a national cultural policy.

See further Ki-Zerbo, J., Culture, Education and Development in Africa, F.E.S.T.A.C., Lagos, 1977, Doc. No. Col. PL/10Google Scholar.

⁴² With regard to legal education in t he Third World, see Legal Education in a Changing World, International Legal Center, New York, Uppsala, 1975Google Scholar; with regard to legal education and education for development in Africa see Conference on Legal Education in Africa, Addis Ababa, 10 20–24, 1968Google Scholar; I.L.O. 5th Africa Regional Conference, Abidjan, 1977, Report 3: Education for Development (Geneva, I.L.O., 1977)Google Scholar; and Bockel, A., Ghai, Y. P. et al. , Legal Education in Africa South of the Sahara, Brussels, 1979Google Scholar; with regard to international legal education in Africa see African Conference on International Law and African Problems, held under the joint auspices of the Nigerian Institute of International Affairs, Lagos and The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, New York, Lagos 14–18 03, 1967Google Scholar.

⁴³ Cf. Mensah-Brown, A., Introduction to Law in Contemporary Africa, New York, 1976, 90Google Scholar, who refers to M'Baye, K., “Droit et développement en Afrique Francophone de l'Ouest”, in: Tunc, A. (ed.), Les aspects juridiques du développement économique dans les pays de l'Afrique noire, Paris, 1966, 121Google Scholar. According to Yash P. Ghai, one of several consequences may follow if legal education follows an inappropriate model: “… the role of lawyers and the legal system in the long run, will become marginal, irrelevant or dysfunctional, or worse, the tensions of an inappropriate legal education may exert distorting influences upon the policies and development of a society”; Cf. Ghai, Yash P., in Bockel, A. et al. , op. cit., 261.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Professor Rudu, at the Lagos Conference, 1967, loc. cit., 11Google Scholar.

⁴⁵ Daoud, M., at the same conference, loc. cit., 18Google Scholar.

⁴⁶ Elias, T. O. and Asamoah, Obed Y. at the same conference, loc. cit., 19Google Scholar.

⁴⁷ Cf. Organization of African Unity: CAB/LEG/67/3 Rev. 5, Ministerial Meeting: African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights, Banjul, 7–1901, 1981Google Scholar. See further M'Baye, Keba, “Les droits de l'homme en Afrique”, in Vasak, K. (ed.), Les dimensions internationales des droils de l'homme (UNESCO, 1978), 645Google Scholar and Aluko, Olajide, “The Organization of African Unity and human rights”, (1981) The Round Table, 234Google Scholar.

⁴⁸ With regard to formal institutional devices see, inter alia, Resolution adopted by the First Assembly of Heads of State and Government on 15 05, 1963, establishing the Liberation CommitteeGoogle Scholar; The Rules of Procedure, and Functions and Regulations of the Executive Secretariat of the Liberation Committee. As regards the practice of the liberation committee, see Gibson, R., African Liberation Movements. Contemporary Struggles against White Minority Rule, London, 1972Google Scholar, and Johnson, R. W., How long will South Africa Survive?, London, 1977Google Scholar; with regard to the political programmes of liberation movements see Falk, R. and Wahl, P. (eds.), Befreiungsbewegungen in Afrika. Politische Programme, Köln, 1980Google Scholar.

⁴⁹ Economic Commission for Africa, Revised framework of principles for the implementation of the New International Economic Order in Africa 1976–1981–1986 (20 08, 1980)Google Scholar, E/CN.14/ECO/90/Rev. 3, and the Plan of Action for the Implementation of the Monrovia Strategy, E/CN.14/781/Add. 1, which has been adopted by the Economic Summit of the O.A.U. as the “Lagos Plan of Action” (28–2904, 1980)Google Scholar.

⁵⁰ Decision of 28 November, 1979, in: GATT-Document MTN/FR/W/20/Rev. 2, about: “Differential and more favourable treatment reciprocity and fuller participation of developing countries”, “Declaration on trade measures taken for balance-of-payments purposes”, “Safeguard action for development purposes”, “Understanding regarding notification, consultation, dispute settlement and surveillance”, and one Annex (“Agreed description of the customary practice of the GATT in the field of dispute settlement” (Article XXIII: 2).

⁵¹ Manila, , 7 May-3 06, 1979Google Scholar; cf. Document TD/RES/116(V) 22 06, 1979: DECISION: 116(V) Trade relations among countries having different economic and social systems and all trade flows resulting therefrom.Google Scholar (The conference adopted this decision without dissent.) The African regional preparatory conference was held in Addis Ababa, 30 January-1 February, 1979 (AdG, 4 03, 1979, 22425)Google Scholar.

⁵² Cf. Louis, J. P., loc. cit. (N. 27a) 43Google Scholar.

⁵³ Cf. Lévi-Strauss, Claude, Race et histoire, Paris, 1952Google Scholar; quoted here from the German translation, Rasse und Geschichte, Frankfurt am Main, 1972, 75ffGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁴ Cf. Meyns, Peter, “Non-alignment and regional co-operation in Southern Africa”, a paper presented at the African Association of Political Science Bi-Annual Conference on Liberation and Development, 23–2705, 1981, Salisbury, ZimbabweGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁵ L'organisation mondiale, Paris, 1972, 3ffGoogle Scholar. See further with regard to “de-territorialisation” of international law, Dembinski, L., “Le territoire et le développement du droit international”, (1975)21 Annuaire Suisse de Droit International 121Google Scholar.

⁵⁶ Cf. Final Report: UNESCO Meeting of Experts on … a New International Economic and Cultural Order, SS-78/CONF.604/13; Club of Rome, No limits to learning. Bridging the human gap, Oxford, 1979Google Scholar; Munakata, I., “Towards new cultural relations in the international world: from unilateral to reciprocal cultural relations”, in The Changing International Community, FS für M. Mushkat, Den Haag, 1975, 245Google Scholar.

⁵⁷ Cf. Weltentwicklungsbericht 1980, Weltbank, 08, 1980, 41ffGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁸ See the synopsis of strategies in E/CN.4/1334, 91 ff (see above, n. 36)Google Scholar.

⁵⁹ Cf. Ndongko, W. A., “The Origins of African regional groupings”, in Africa [Munchen] 10/1980Google Scholar, and id., “The future of regional co-operation in Africa”, ibid., 11/1980. See, for a synopsis, Directory of Intergovernmental Co-operation Organizations in Africa; ECA: E/CN. 14/CEG/l/Rev. 2 (1976)Google Scholar.

⁶⁰ Cf. Gonidec, Pierre-François, Les droits africains: évolution et sources, 1976Google Scholar; Opoku, Kwame, “African law: existence and unity”, (1976) Verfassung und Recht in Ubersee 65–70;Google Scholar“Dynamiques et finalités des droits africains”, Paris, Economica, 1978Google Scholar; Le Roy, Etienne, “La vie du droit en Afrique”, (1978) Penant315–323Google Scholar; Lampué, Pierre, “Droit écrit et droit contumieren Afrique francophone”, (1979) Penant245–287Google Scholar; Ghai, Yash (ed.), Law in the Political Economy of Public Enterprise. African Ṕerspectives, 1977Google Scholar, and Ocran, Tawia Modibo, Law in Aid of Development, Issues in Legal Theory, Institution Building and Economic Development in Africa (1978)Google Scholar.

⁶¹ Cf. Sow, Alpha I. et al. , Introduction to African Culture: general aspects, UNESCO, Paris, 1979.Google Scholar

⁶² Cf. “Survey of international law; Working Paper prepared by the Secretary-General”: Doc. A/CN.4/245; (1971)2 Yearbook of International Law CommissionGoogle Scholar.

⁶³ Schachter, Oscar, Sharingthe World's Resources, New York, 1977Google Scholar.

⁶⁴ Petersmann, Ernst U., “Entwicklungsvölkerrecht”, “Droit international du développement”, “International economic development law”: Mythos oder Wirklichkeit?, (1974) 17 Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht 145Google Scholar; and Benedek, Wolfgang, “Entwicklungsvölkerrecht—neuer Bereich oder neue Perspektive (Gestaltwandel) im Völkerrecht?”, in Reformen des Rechts, (Festschrift zur 200-Jahrfeier der rechtswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Graz), Graz, 1979, 881Google Scholar.

⁶⁵ Recently the General Assembly has asked UNITAR (Res. 35/136; 15 12, 1980) to prepare an analytical study of the “Progressive development of the principles and norms of international law relating to the New International Economic Order”Google Scholar; see the UNITAR report UNITAR/DS/4/25, 25 09, 1981Google Scholar.

⁶⁶ International Law Association, Belgrade Conference (1980), Report of the International Committee on Legal Aspects of a New International Economic OrderGoogle Scholar.

⁶⁷ In this regard special attention will have to be given to a recent decision adopted by a S.A.D.C.C. meeting of ministers to introduce at all universities of the sub-region a new course of Southern African Studies”.

⁶⁸ See with regard to this the recent controversy between Okoth-Ogendo, H. W. O., “Property theory and land use analysis: a theoretical framework”, (1975) 5 Journal of Eastern African Research and Developments 37Google Scholar, and Kibwana, Kivutha, “Analytical positivism in Kenya: a preliminary enquiry”, paper presented at the World Congress on Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy. Contemporary Conceptions of Law, Basel (Switzerland)08 27–09 1, 1979Google Scholar.

⁶⁹ This question is argued at length by Seidman, R., The State, Law and Development, London, 1978, 29 ffGoogle Scholar.

⁷⁰ Stone, J., The Province and Function of Law. Law as Logic, Justice and Social Control London, 1957, 783Google Scholar; quoted from Röling, B. V. A., International Law in an Expanded World, Amsterdam, 1960, 124Google Scholar.

⁷¹ Cf. Club of Rome, No limits to learning: Bridging the human gap, Oxford, 1979Google Scholar.

⁷² Cf., e.g., Ghai, Yash (ed.), Law in the political economy of public enterprise. African Perspectives, Oxford, 1977Google Scholar.

⁷³ See the critical discussion of some field studies carried out by Western social scientists in Third World countries and amounting to some kind of exploitation for the sole purpose of academic advancement at home: Barbara Rogers, “Forschung als Imperialismus”, (1979) Neue Entwicklungspolitik 3, 23Google Scholar; Benedek, Wolfgang, “Workshop on new perspectives and conceptions ofinternationallawin Lagos”, (23 to 25 07, 1980), in: Jahrbuch für Afrikanisches RechtGoogle Scholar.