Amberger, A. (1989). Research on Dicyandiamide as a nitrification inhibitor and future outlook. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis
20, 1933–1955.
Bååth, E. & Anderson, T.-H. (2003). Comparison of soil fungal/bacteria ratios in a pH gradient using physiological and PLFA-based techniques. Soil Biology and Biochemistry
35, 955–963.
Bjarnason, S. (1987). Immobilization and remineralization of ammonium and nitrate after addition of different energy sources to soil. Plant and Soil
97, 381–389.
Chien, S. H., Prochnow, L. I. & Cantarella, H. (2009). Recent developments of fertilizer production and use to improve nutrient efficiency and minimize environmental impacts. Advances in Agronomy
102, 267–322.
Cox, G. M., Gibbons, J. M., Wood, A. T. A., Craigon, J., Ramsden, S. J. & Crout, N. M. J. (2006). Towards the systematic simplification of mechanistic models. Ecological Modelling
198, 240–246.
De Boer, W. & Kowalchuk, G. A. (2001). Nitrification in acid soils: micro-organisms and mechanisms. Soil Biology and Biochemistry
33, 853–866.
De Boer, W., Folman, L. B., Summerbell, R. C. & Boddy, L. (2005). Living in a fungal world: impact of fungi on soil bacterial niche development. FEMS Microbiology Reviews
29, 795–811.
Di, H. J. & Cameron, K. C. (2004). Treating grazed pasture soil with a nitrification inhibitor, eco-n™, to decrease nitrate leaching in a deep sandy soil under spray irrigation – a lysimeter study. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research
47, 351–361.
Di, H. J. & Cameron, K. C. (2005). Reducing environmental impacts of agriculture by using a fine particle suspension nitrification inhibitor to decrease nitrate leaching from grazed pastures. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
109, 202–212.
Di, H. J. & Cameron, K. C. (2006). Nitrous oxide emissions from two dairy pasture soils as affected by different rates of a fine particle suspension nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide. Biology and Fertility of Soils
42, 472–480.
EU (2000). Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Official Journal L
327, 1–73.
Frostegård, A., Petersen, S. O., Baath, E. & Nielsen, T. H. (1997). Dynamics of a microbial community associated with manure hot spots as revealed by phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology
63, 2224–2231.
Galloway, J. N. & Cowling, E. B. (2002). Reactive nitrogen and the world: 200 years of change. AMBIO
31, 64–71.
Gioacchini, P., Nastri, A., Marzadori, C., Giovannini, C., Antisari, L. V. & Gessa, C. (2002). Influence of urease and nitrification inhibitors on N losses from soils fertilized with urea. Biology and Fertility of Soils
36, 129–135.
Guiraud, G., Marol, C. & Thibaud, M. C. (1989). Mineralization of nitrogen in the presence of a nitrification inhibitor. Soil Biology and Biochemistry
21, 29–34.
Guo, Y. J., Di, H. J., Cameron, K. C., Li, B., Podolyan, A., Moir, J. L., Monaghan, R. M., Smith, L. C., O'Callaghan, M., Bowatte, S., Waugh, D. & He, J.-Z. (2013). Effect of 7-year application of a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), on soil microbial biomass, protease and deaminase activities, and the abundance of bacteria and archaea in pasture soils. Journal of Soils and Sediments
13, 753–759.
Hart, S. C., Stark, J. M., Davidson, E. A. & Firestone, M. K. (1994). Nitrogen mineralization, immobilization and nitrification. In Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2 Microbiological and Biochemical Properties (Eds Weaver, R. L., Angle, S., Bottomley, P., Bezdiecek, D., Smith, S., Tabatabai, A., Wollum, A., Mickelson, S. H. & Bigham, J. M.), pp. 985–1018. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America.
Inselsbacher, E., Wanek, W., Strauss, J., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S. & Müller, C. (2013). A novel 15N tracer model reveals: plant nitrate uptake governs nitrogen transformation rates in agricultural soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry
57, 301–310.
Juma, N. G. & Paul, E. A. (1983). Effect of a nitrification inhibitor on N immobilization and release of 15N from nonexchangeable ammonium and microbial biomass. Canadian Journal of Soil Science
63, 167–175.
Kelliher, F. M., Clough, T. J., Clark, H., Rys, G. & Sedcole, J. R. (2008). The temperature dependence of dicyandiamide (DCD) degradation in soils: a data synthesis. Soil Biology and Biochemistry
40, 1878–1882.
Kuzyakov, Y., Friedel, J. K. & Stahr, K. (2000). Review of mechanisms and quantification of priming effects. Soil Biology and Biochemistry
32, 1485–1498.
Laughlin, R. J., Stevens, R. J. & Zhuo, S. (1997). Determining nitrogen-15 in ammonium by producing nitrous oxide. Soil Science Society of America Journal
61, 462–465.
Laughlin, R. J., Rütting, T., Müller, C., Watson, C. J. & Stevens, R. J. (2009). Effect of acetate on soil respiration, N2O emissions and gross N transformations related to fungi and bacteria in a grassland soil. Applied Soil Ecology
42, 25–30.
Linn, D. M. & Doran, J. W. (1984). Effect of water-filled pore space on carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide production in tilled and nontilled soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal
48, 1267–1272.
Mahmood, T., Ali, R., Latif, Z. & Ishaque, W. (2011). Dicyandiamide increases the fertilizer N loss from an alkaline calcareous soil treated with 15N-labelled urea under warm climate and under different crops. Biology and Fertility of Soils
47, 619–631.
Mcgeough, K. L., Laughlin, R. J., Watson, C. J., Müller, C., Ernfors, M., Cahalan, E. & Richards, K. G. (2012). The effect of cattle slurry in combination with nitrate and the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide on in situ nitrous oxide and dinitrogen emissions. Biogeosciences Discussions
9, 9169–9199.
Montzka, S. A., Dlugokencky, E. J. & Butler, J. H. (2011). Non-CO2 greenhouse gases and climate change. Nature
476, 43–50.
Müller, C. & Clough, T. J. (2013). Advances in understanding nitrogen flows and transformations: gaps and research pathways. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge FirstView Article, 1–11. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0021859613000610
Müller, C., Rütting, T., Kattge, J., Laughlin, R. J. & Stevens, R. J. (2007). Estimation of parameters in complex 15N tracing models by Monte Carlo sampling. Soil Biology and Biochemistry
39, 715–726.
Müller, C., Laughlin, R. J., Christie, P. & Watson, C. J. (2011). Effects of repeated fertilizer and cattle slurry applications over 38 years on N dynamics in a temperate grassland soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry
43, 1362–1371.
Nakajima, Y., Ishizuka, S., Tsuruta, H., Iswandi, A. & Murdiyarso, D. (2005). Microbial processes responsible for nitrous oxide production from acid soils in different land-use patterns in Pasirmayang, central Sumatra, Indonesia. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems
71, 33–42.
Nannipieri, P., Ascher, J., Ceccherini, M. T., Landi, L., Pietramellara, G. & Renella, G. (2003). Microbial diversity and soil functions. European Journal of Soil Science
54, 655–670.
O'Callaghan, M., Gerard, E. M., Carter, P. E., Lardner, R., Sarathchandra, U., Burch, G., Ghani, A. & Bell, N. (2010). Effect of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) on microbial communities in a pasture soil amended with bovine urine. Soil Biology and Biochemistry
42, 1425–1436.
Paul, J. W. & Beauchamp, E. G. (1989). Biogeochemical changes in soil beneath a dairy cattle slurry layer: effect of volatile fatty acid oxidation on denitrification and soil pH. In Nitrogen in Organic Wastes Applied to Soils (Eds Hansen, J. A. & Henriksen, K.), pp. 261–270. San Diego, USA: Academic Press.
Richardson, D., Felgate, H., Watmough, N., Thomson, A. M. & Baggs, E. M. (2009). Mitigating release of the potent greenhouse gas N2O from the nitrogen cycle – could enzymic regulation hold the key?
Trends in Biotechnology
27, 388–397.
Ros, G. H. (2012). Predicting soil N mineralization using organic matter fractions and soil properties: a re-analysis of literature data. Soil Biology and Biochemistry
45, 132–135.
Rütting, T. & Müller, C. (2007).
15N tracing models with a Monte Carlo optimization procedure provide new insights on gross N transformations in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry
39, 2351–2361.
Stevens, R. J. & Laughlin, R. J. (1994). Determining nitrogen-15 nitrite or nitrate by producing nitrous oxide. Soil Science Society of America Journal
58, 1108–1116.
Turowski, M. & Deshmukh, B. (2004). Direct chromatographic method for determination of hydrogen cyanamide and dicyandiamide in aqueous solutions. Analytical Letters
37, 1981–1989.
United Nations (1998). Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Bonn, Germany: United Nations.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (2013). National Soil Survey Handbook. Title 430-VI. Washington, DC: USDA & NRCS.
Williamson, J. C., Menneer, J. C. & Torrens, R. S. (1996). Impact of dicyandiamide on the internal nitrogen cycle of a volcanic, silt loam soil receiving effluent. Applied Soil Ecology
4, 39–48.
Zaman, M., Saggar, S., Blennerhassett, J. D. & Singh, J. (2009). Effect of urease and nitrification inhibitors on N transformation, gaseous emissions of ammonia and nitrous oxide, pasture yield and N uptake in grazed pasture system. Soil Biology and Biochemistry
41, 1270–1280.