¹ “A National Holiday for a King,” Black Enterprise, Jan. 1984, 21; Robert Pear, “President, Signing Bill, Praises Dr. King”, New York Times, 3 Nov. 1983, 3.

² David Hoffman, “King Is Saluted as President Signs Holiday into Law”, Washington Post, 3 Nov. 1983, A1; “NAACP Hails Passage of King Holiday Bill,” The Crisis, Nov. 1983, 16.

³ “Backstage,” Ebony, Nov. 1983, 24; Bebe Moore Campbell, “A National Holiday for King”, Black Enterprise, Jan. 1984, 21.

⁴ Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd, “The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past,” Journal of American History, 91, 4 (March 2005), 1233–63, 1233CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ronald Reagan, “Remarks on Signing the Bill Making the Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., a National Holiday”, 2 Nov. 1983.

⁵ Gray, Herman, Cultural Moves: African Americans and the Politics of Representation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 18Google Scholar.

⁶ Reagan.

⁷ Hartman, Andrew, A War for the Soul of America: A History of the Culture Wars (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2015), 66CrossRefGoogle Scholar; McLaren, Peter, “Unthinking Whiteness: Rearticulating Diasporic Practise,” in Trifonas, Peter P., ed., Revolutionary Pedagogies: Cultural Politics, Instituting Education, and the Discourse of Theory (New York: Routledge, 2000), 140–73, 146Google Scholar.

⁸ By 1985 Ebony had an advertising guarantee of 1,700,000 per month, and an estimated pass-on readership of more than 8 million per month – more than double the circulation of its nearest market competitor. “Backstage,” Ebony, March 1985, 24; Kete, Molefi Asante, The African American People: A Global History (New York: Routledge, 2012), 207Google Scholar.

⁹ Dagbovie, Pero, African American History Reconsidered (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2010), 39Google Scholar.

¹⁰ Leonard, David, Screens Fade to Black: Contemporary African American Cinema (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2006), 8Google Scholar.

¹¹ Houston Baker, “Critical Memory and the Black Public Sphere,” Public Culture, 7, 1 (Fall 1994), 3.

¹² Holloway, Jonathan Scott, Jim Crow Wisdom: Memory and Identity in Black America since 1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 3Google Scholar; Chappell, David, Waking from the Dream: The Struggle for Civil Rights in the Shadow of Martin Luther King, Jr (New York: Random House, 2014)Google Scholar.

¹³ “Backstage,” Ebony, Nov. 1945, 2; Chambers, Jason, Madison Avenue and the Color Line: African Americans in the Advertising Industry (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008), 41CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁴ Stange, Maren, “Photographs Taken in Everyday Life: Ebony’s Photojournalistic Discourse,” in Vogel, Todd, ed., The Black Press: New Literary and Historical Essays (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2001), 207–27, 208Google Scholar.

¹⁵ Frazier, E. Franklin, Black Bourgeoisie (Glencoe: Free Press, 1957), 179Google Scholar.

¹⁶ Chambers, 41–45; Dingle, Derek, Black Enterprise Titans of the B. E 100s (New York: J. Wiley, 1999), 14–15Google Scholar.

¹⁷ Jacobs, Ronald, Race, Media, and the Crisis of Civil Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 52CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Thompson, Shirley, “The Black Press,” in Hornsby, Alton, Jr., ed., A Companion to African American History (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005), 342–344Google Scholar.

¹⁸ Booker, Simeon with Booker, Carole McGabe, Shocking the Conscience: A Reporter's Account of the Civil Rights Movement (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2013), 26–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁹ Atwater, Tony, “Editorial Policy of Ebony before and after the Civil Rights Act of 1964,” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 59, 1 (Spring 1982), 87–90, 88Google Scholar.

²⁰ “Who's Who from Morehouse College”, Box 1, Lerone Bennett, Jr. Papers, Emory University; “Biographical Sketch”, Box 1, Lerone Bennett, Jr. Papers, Emory University; Sewell, George and Dwight, Margaret, Mississippi Black History Makers (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1984), 277Google Scholar.

²¹ Lerone Bennett, “The King Plan for Freedom,” Ebony, July 1956, 65–71, 65; Carson, Claybone, ed., The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr, Volume IV, Symbol of the Movement (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 267Google Scholar; “M. L. King Begins New Column in EBONY, 9 Aug. 1957”, Lerone Bennett, Jr. Papers, Emory University.

²² Harding, Vincent, “Power from Our People: The Sources of the Modern Revival of Black History,” Black Scholar, 18, 1 (Jan.–Feb. 1987), 40–51, 48CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²³ Bennett, Lerone, Before the Mayflower (Chicago: Johnson Publishing Company, 1962)Google Scholar.

²⁴ Lerone Bennett, “From Booker T. to Martin L.,” Ebony, Nov. 1962, 152–62, 160.

²⁵ Ibid.; Bennett, Lerone, What Manner of Man: A Biography of Martin Luther King, Jr. (Chicago: Johnson Publishing Company, 1964)Google Scholar.

²⁶ Lerone Bennett, “The Mood of the Negro,” Ebony, July 1963, 27–38, 27.

²⁷ Clarke, John Henrik, “Lerone Bennett: Social Historian,” Freedomways, 5, 1 (Fall 1965), 480–92, 481Google Scholar.

²⁸ Jonathan Fenderson, “Journey toward a Black Aesthetic: Hoyt Fuller, the Black Arts Movement and the Black Intellectual Community” (PhD Thesis: University of Massachusetts, 2011), 44.

²⁹ Donald Hopkins, “Negro Youth in the ‘Now’ Generation,” Ebony, Aug. 1967, 110–15, 110–11.

³⁰ Johnson, Abby Arthur and Johnson, Ronald Maberry, Propaganda and Aesthetics: The Literary Politics of African-American Magazines in the Twentieth Century (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1991), 173–75Google Scholar.

³¹ Jackson, Thomas, From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Struggle for Economic Justice (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007), 317CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³² King, “Nonviolence: The Only Road to Freedom,” Ebony, Oct. 1966, 27–34, 28.

³³ “Should Negroes Boycott the Olympics?” Ebony, March 1968, 110–16, 111.

³⁴ Cornel West, ed., The Radical King (Boston: Beacon Press, 2015), xvi.

³⁵ Harmon, David Andrew, Beneath the Image of the Civil Rights Movement and Race Relations: Atlanta, Georgia, 1946–1981 (New York: Garland Publishing, 1996), 217–19Google Scholar.

³⁶ Dyson, Michael Eric, I May Not Get There With You: The True Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Free Press, 2000), 60–62Google ScholarPubMed.

³⁷ Appleton, Sheldon, “Martin Luther King in Life … and Memory,” Public Perspective, 6, 1 (Feb. 1995), 11–13, 47–48, 11–12; West, ixGoogle Scholar.

³⁸ Hartnett, Rodney T. and Libby, Carol U., “Agreement with Views of Martin Luther King, Jr. before and after His Assassination,” Phylon, 33, 1 (Spring 1972), 79–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³⁹ Lentz, Richard, Symbols, the News Magazines, and Martin Luther King (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990), 281Google Scholar.

⁴⁰ Daynes, Gary, Making Villains, Making Heroes: Joseph R. McCarthy, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Politics of American Memory (New York: Garland, 1997), 51Google Scholar.

⁴¹ Baker, “Critical Memory and the Black Public Sphere,” 3, original emphasis.

⁴² Ibid., 12.

⁴³ Lerone Bennett, “The Martyrdom of Martin,” Ebony, May 1968, 174–81, 176.

⁴⁴ Lerone Bennett, “Confrontation on the Campus,” Ebony, May 1968, 27–34, 27.

⁴⁵ “The Prince of Peace Is Dead,” Ebony, May 1968, 172; Daynes, 133.

⁴⁶ Marcus, Daniel, Happy Days and Wonder Years: The Fifties and Sixties in Contemporary Cultural Politics (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2004), 21–22Google Scholar.

⁴⁷ Hall, Simon, American Patriotism, American Protest: Social Movements since the Sixties (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), 141CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Tuck, Stephen, “Reconsidering the 1970s: The 1960s to a Disco Beat?” Journal of Contemporary History, 43, 4 (Oct. 2008), 617–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁸ This was reinforced by new features such as “Whatever Happened To …?”, a reflective column which regularly profiled activists such as Rosa Parks and the Little Rock Nine. “Backstage,” Ebony, June 1971, 30; “A Hero to Be Remembered,” Ebony, April 1975, 134.

⁴⁹ David Lewis and Judy Miao, “America's Greatest Negroes,” The Crisis, Jan. 1970, 17–21, 18.

⁵⁰ Alex Poinsett, “Where Are the Revolutionaries?”, Ebony, Feb. 1976, 84.

⁵¹ Mayes, Keith, Kwanzaa: Black Power and the Making of the African-American Holiday Tradition (New York: Routledge, 2009), 189CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hamilton Bims, “Annual Vacation Guide,” Ebony, May 1976, 80–86, 84.

⁵² Burns, Andrea, From Storefront to Monument: Tracing the Public History of the Black Museum Movement (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2013)Google Scholar; Rojas, Fabio, From Black Power to Black Studies: How a Radical Social Movement Became an Academic Discipline (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2007)Google Scholar.

⁵³ “National Day Honoring Dr. King's Birth Urged”, Boston Globe, 11 Jan. 1970, 39; “Honors for Dr. King Set for Tomorrow”, New York Times, 14 Jan. 1970, 22; “Martin Luther King Birthday Observed”, Los Angeles Times, 16 Jan. 1971, C1.

⁵⁴ Marcus, 22.

⁵⁵ “A Hero to Be Remembered,” 134.

⁵⁶ Lerone Bennett, “Liberation,” Ebony, Aug. 1970, 36–43, 36; Bennett, , The Challenge of Blackness (Chicago: Johnson Publishing Company, 1972)Google Scholar.

⁵⁷ “A Year of Homage to Martin Luther King,” Ebony, April 1969, 31–41, 31.

⁵⁸ Bennett held a senior fellow position at the IBW, and became an influential part of its early development. White, Derrick, The Challenge of Blackness: The Institute of the Black World and Political Activism in the 1970s (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2011), 11CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁹ Bennett, The Challenge of Blackness, 84, original emphasis.

⁶⁰ White, 16; Alex Poinsett, “Think Tank for Black Scholars,” Ebony, Feb. 1970, 46–54, 47; “A Monument to a Martyr,” Ebony, April 1974, 127–30, 127.

⁶¹ Baker, “Critical Memory and Public Spheres,” 3.

⁶² “Undated Memo: Charles Sanders to Lerone Bennett, 1971”, Box 5, Lerone Bennett Papers, Chicago State University.

⁶³ Interview with John Woodford conducted by author, 21 June 2016; “Black Books Bulletin Interview with Lerone Bennett, 1971”, Box 32, Lerone Bennett Papers, Chicago State.

⁶⁴ “Greyhound,” Ebony, Feb. 1971, 11.

⁶⁵ Lerone Bennett, “An Adamant No,” Ebony, Aug. 1975, 38–42, 39; “Greyhound,” Ebony, Jan. 1976, 9; “Greyhound,” Ebony, April 1976, 9; “Greyhound,” Ebony, July 1976, 9.

⁶⁶ Chambers, Madison Avenue and the Color Line, 93; “American,” Ebony, March 1975, 61; “United,” Ebony, June 1975, 107; “Amtrak,” Ebony, June 1975, 109; “United,” Ebony, Feb. 1976, 135.

⁶⁷ Wiggins, William Jr., O Freedom! Afro-American Emancipation Celebrations (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1987), 141–42Google Scholar.

⁶⁸ “What Has Mr. Nixon Ever Really Done for You?” Ebony, Nov. 1972, 29; Rhea, Joseph Tilden, Race Pride and the American Identity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 114Google Scholar.

⁶⁹ “Remarks on the Anniversary of the Birth of Martin Luther King, Jr.,” Public Papers of Gerald R. Ford (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1977), 35Google Scholar.

⁷⁰ Delmont, Matthew, Why Busing Failed: Race, Media, and the National Resistance to School Desegregation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2016), 199–200Google Scholar; Rigeur, Leah Wright, The Loneliness of the Black Republican: Pragmatic Politics and the Pursuit of Power (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015), 256CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷¹ “Ford Hails Observance of Black History Month,” Jet, 4 March 1976, 27; Zaretsky, Natasha, No Direction Home: The American Family and the Fear of National Decline, 1968–1980 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 154Google Scholar.

⁷² “Fiscal Argument Snags a Holiday for King”, New York Times, 27 March 1979, A16.

⁷³ Chappell, Waking from the Dream, 95; Wayne King, “Kennedy to Seek a Holiday Marking Dr. King Birthday”, New York Times, 12 Jan. 1979, 8; “Push to Make King Birthday Nat'l Holiday”, Birmingham World, 20 Jan. 1979.

⁷⁴ “Birthday Celebration for M.L.K,” Ebony, March 1981, 126–29, 126.

⁷⁵ Wayne King, “Kennedy to Seek a Holiday Marking Dr. King Birthday”, New York Times, 12 Jan. 1979, 8; Bill Carter, “NBC Film on King Next Month a Powder Keg,” The Sun, 10 Jan. 1978, B1; Daynes, Making Villains, Making Heroes, 72–73.

⁷⁶ Wiggins, 145.

⁷⁷ Seay, George Jr., “A Prophet with Honor? The Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday and the Making of a National Icon,” in Baldwin, Lewis and Burrow, Rufus, eds., The Domestication of Martin Luther King, Jr. (Eugene: Cascade Books, 2013), 236–60, 242–44Google Scholar.

⁷⁸ Deslippe, Dennis, Protesting Affirmative Action: The Struggle over Equality after the Civil Rights Revolution (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2012), 182–83Google Scholar.

⁷⁹ Daynes, 135.

⁸⁰ Broussard, James H., Ronald Reagan: Champion of Conservative America (New York: Routledge, 2014), 151CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Courtwright, David T., No Right Turn: Conservative Politics in Liberal America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 13Google Scholar.

⁸¹ Steven Roberts, “King Holiday: Balky Minority in G.O.P”, New York Times, 20 Oct. 1983, A19; Francis Clines, “Reagans Doubts on Dr. King Disclosed”, New York Times, 21 Oct. 1983, 7.

⁸² Chappell, 114.

⁸³ Dyson, I May Not Get There With You, 225.

⁸⁴ Reagan, “Remarks on Signing the Bill …”

⁸⁵ Seay, 244.

⁸⁶ Hall, “The Long Civil Rights Movement,” 1234.

⁸⁷ Glaude, Eddie Jr., “A Different Story: Race, Politics and Radical Change,” in Ivery, Curtis and Bassett, Joshua, eds., Reclaiming Integration and the Language of Race in the “Post Racial” Era (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015), 33–41, 37Google Scholar.

⁸⁸ Lawson, Steven F., “Long Origins of the Short Civil Rights Movement, 1954–1968,” in McGuire, Danielle L. and Dittmer, John, eds., Freedom Rights: New Perspectives on the Civil Rights Movement (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2011), 9–38, 27Google Scholar; Laham, Nicholas, The Reagan Presidency and the Politics of Race: In Pursuit of Colorblind Justice and Limited Government (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998), 11Google Scholar.

⁸⁹ Rhodes, William Martin, The Civil Rights Movement: Struggle and Resistance (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 113Google Scholar; Reagan, “Remarks on Signing a Statement on Minority Business Enterprise Development,” in Public Papers of Ronald Reagan for 1982 (Washington, DC: U. S G.P. O., 1983), 1613.

⁹⁰ Manning Marable, “The Black Elite vs. Reaganism”, Afro-American, 9 Oct. 1982, 5; Ondaatje, Michael, Black Conservative Intellectuals in Modern America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010), 101CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹¹ “Black America under the Reagan Administration: A Symposium of Black Conservatives,’ Policy Review, 34, 1 (Fall 1985), 27–41; Lee May, “U. S. Aide's ‘Colorblind’ Remark Draws Rebuke”, Hartford Courant, 13 Sept. 1983, A3; Ondaatje, 9; Wolters, Raymond, Right Turn: William Bradford Reynolds, the Reagan Administration, and Black Civil Rights (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1996), 218–19Google Scholar.

⁹² Marable, Manning, How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America (Boston: South End Press, 1983), xxxviGoogle Scholar.

⁹³ Dagbovie, African American History Reconsidered, 39.

⁹⁴ Lerone Bennett, “Have We Overcome?” Ebony, Nov. 1979, 33–42; Bennett, “The Second Time Around,” Ebony, Oct. 1981, 31–38, 32.

⁹⁵ Bennett, “Have We Overcome?” 40.

⁹⁶ “Bennett Addresses Convocation Honoring King at Lincoln University”, Philadelphia Tribune, 29 Jan. 1980, A2; “Lerone Bennett, Jr., Addresses ASALH's 51st Anniversary Luncheon”, Philadelphia Tribune, 24 Oct. 1980, 14.

⁹⁷ Daynes, Making Villains, Making Heroes, 135; “Bennett Addresses Convocation”, A2.

⁹⁸ Julian Bond, “Martin Luther King: Again a Victim – This Time of History Revised,” Los Angeles Times, 14 Jan. 1979, F1.

⁹⁹ Dagbovie, 39.

¹⁰⁰ Lerone Bennett, “Listen to the Blood: The Meaning of Black History,” Ebony, Feb. 1981, 33–42, 33.

¹⁰¹ Ibid., 33–34.

¹⁰² Ibid., 42.

¹⁰³ “The Shaping of Black America,” Box 34, Lerone Bennett, Jr. Papers, Emory University.

¹⁰⁴ Bennett, “Listen to the Blood,” 38.

¹⁰⁵ “Larry Coleman to Lerone Bennett, 3 Feb. 1981”, Box 34, Lerone Bennett, Jr. Papers. Emory University.

¹⁰⁶ Dagbovie, 41.

¹⁰⁷ Lerone Bennett, “Why Black History Is Important to You,” Ebony, Feb. 1982, 61–66, 66, original emphasis.

¹⁰⁸ May, “U. S. Aide's ‘Colorblind’ Remark Draws Rebuke”, A3.

¹⁰⁹ Betty Pleasant, “Reagan MLK Mimicry Invokes Anger, Rebuff”, Los Angeles Sentinel, 12 July 1984, A2; Althea Simmons, “The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Revisited,” The Crisis, Nov. 1984, 31; “NAACP Report Card on Reagan Administration Policies,” The Crisis, April 1984, 167.

¹¹⁰ The black magazine with the closest circulation to Ebony was Jet, a weekly newsmagazine also produced by Johnson Publishing which had a circulation of around 820,000 by the mid-1980s. For the year prior to December 1986, Ebony’s average paid monthly circulation was 1,737,799, that of Black Enterprise was 242,669, and that of The Crisis was 235,500. “Statement of Circulation,” Ebony, Dec. 1986, 23; “Statement of Circulation,” The Crisis, March 1986, 145; “Statement of Circulation,” Black Enterprise, Jan. 1986, 18; “Statement of Circulation,” Jet, 25 Nov. 1985, 19.

¹¹¹ This figure was based on a paid monthly circulation of around 1,800,000, and a significant pass-on readership. “Backstage,” Ebony, March 1985, 24.

¹¹² “Literary Giants Pay Tribute to Historian-Author Bennett,” Jet, 10 July 1980, 7.

¹¹³ “John Johnson to Lerone Bennett, 1983”, Box 1, Lerone Bennett Papers, Chicago State University; “Literary Giants Pay Tribute to Historian-Author Bennett,” 6.

¹¹⁴ For an excellent insight into Fuller's relationship with Johnson see Fenderson, “Journey toward a Black Aesthetic”, 214–20.

¹¹⁵ During the 1970s, Bennett became increasingly critical of black consumer culture as a distraction from the struggle for racial equality. Lerone Bennett, “Of Time, Space and Revolution,” Ebony, Aug. 1969, 31–39, 34; Bennett, “An Adamant No,” 39.

¹¹⁶ Kete, The American American People, 367.

¹¹⁷ “Coretta Scott King: Keeping the Dream Alive,” Ebony, Jan. 1980, 60–67, 60.

¹¹⁸ Walter Leavy, “A Living Memorial to the Drum Major for Justice,” Ebony, Feb. 1983, 120–27, 120.

¹¹⁹ Robinson, Eugene, Disintegration: The Splintering of Black America (New York: Doubleday, 2010), 4Google Scholar.

¹²⁰ Chappell, Waking from the Dream, 62.

¹²¹ Mumford, Kevin, Not Straight, Not White: Black Gay Men from the March on Washington to the Aids Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016), 57–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar; bell hooks, Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism (Boston: South End Press, 1981).

¹²² Robinson, 4; “Black on Black Crime,” Ebony, Aug. 1979; “Blacks and the Money Crunch,” Ebony, Aug. 1980; “Black Love,” Ebony, Aug. 1981; “The Black Woman of the ’80s,” Ebony, Aug. 1982; “The Crisis of the Black Male,” Ebony, Aug. 1983.

¹²³ “Birthday Celebration for M.L. K,” 129.

¹²⁴ Lerone Bennett, “The Crisis of the Black Spirit,” Ebony, Oct. 1977, 142–44, 142.

¹²⁵ Lerone Bennett, “The Lost/Found Generation,” Ebony, Aug. 1978, 35–42, 35.

¹²⁶ Marable, “The Black Elite vs Reaganism”, 5.

¹²⁷ “Kool,” The Crisis, Feb. 1984, 54.

¹²⁸ “Greyhound,” Ebony, Jan. 1981, 3; “Greyhound,” Ebony, Jan. 1982, 3; “Greyhound,” Ebony, May 1984, 18.

¹²⁹ Ronald Reagan, “Radio Address to the Nation on Martin Luther King, Jr., and Black Americans,” 18 Jan. 1986; “7Up,” Ebony, Jan. 1986, 43; “Sears,” Ebony, Jan. 1987, 73.

¹³⁰ Bennett, “Why Black History Is Important to You,” 66.

¹³¹ Gray, Cultural Moves, 186.

¹³² “Ebony interview with Diana Ross,” Ebony, Nov. 1981, 38–50, 39.

¹³³ Stephen Gayle, “Commercial Success,” Black Enterprise, Dec. 1981, 51–56, 53.

¹³⁴ “Statement of Ownership,” Ebony, Jan. 1981, 20; “Statement of Ownership,” Ebony, Dec. 1990, 145; Earl Graves, “Publisher's Page,” Black Enterprise, June 1984, 13.

¹³⁵ “Publishers Statement,” Ebony, Nov. 1985, 37.

¹³⁶ Pride, Armistead Scott and Wilson, Clint II, A History of the Black Press (Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1997), 246Google Scholar.

¹³⁷ Johnson was less reticent away from the magazine's pages, echoing Bennett's warning that Reagan's policies represented the biggest threat to black civil liberties since Reconstruction. “Are the Promises Being Kept?” Black Enterprise, Oct. 1983, 117–22, 117; “Paving the Way,” Black Enterprise, Feb. 1985, 119–22, 119; Thomas Atkins and Michael Sussman, “Reagnisms, Reaganauts and the NAACP,” The Crisis, Jan. 1982, 5–8, 4; Alison Muscatine, “UDC Graduates Told to Preserve Civil Rights”, Washington Post, 12 May 1985, D4.

¹³⁸ Ronald Reagan, “Radio Address to the Nation on Civil Rights”, 15 June 1985.

¹³⁹ Laham, The Reagan Presidency and the Politics of Race, 74–75.

¹⁴⁰ Howard Kutz, “King Cited in Defense of End to Hiring Goals”, Washington Post, 16 Jan. 1986, A11.

¹⁴¹ Lerone Bennett, “A Living History,” Ebony, Feb. 1985, 27–32, 27.

¹⁴² Ibid., 28.

¹⁴³ Ibid., 28.

¹⁴⁴ “IBM,” Ebony, Jan. 1985, 12; “McDonalds,” Ebony, Feb. 1985, 51.

¹⁴⁵ “Anheuser-Busch,” Ebony, Feb. 1985, 21; “AT & T,” Ebony, March 1985, 9; “Anheuser-Busch,” The Crisis, Feb. 1985, 83.

¹⁴⁶ Patrice Gaines-Carter, “Is My ‘Post-integration’ Daughter Black Enough?” Ebony, Sept. 1985, 54–56, 54.

¹⁴⁷ “Letters to the Editor,” Ebony, Dec. 1985, 17.

¹⁴⁸ “Letters to the Editor,” Ebony, May 1981, 12.

¹⁴⁹ Lerone Bennett, “The Real Meaning of the King Holiday,” Ebony, Jan. 1986, 31.

¹⁵⁰ “The Living King,” Ebony, Jan. 1986, 62–63, 62.

¹⁵¹ Dyson, I May Not Get There With You, 28; Fairclough, Adam, “Was Martin Luther King a Marxist?” History Workshop, 15 (Spring 1983), 117–25, 184CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁵² Daynes, Making Villains, Making Heroes, 51.

¹⁵³ “In Memory of Martin Luther King, Jr.” Ebony, Jan. 1986, 64–72, 64; “The World Honors MLK through Stamps,” Ebony, Jan. 1986, 82–84, 82.

¹⁵⁴ Coretta Scott King, “Martin's Legacy,” Ebony, Jan. 1986, 105–8, 108.

¹⁵⁵ “Memorable Photos from the King Years,” Ebony, Jan. 1986, 86–103, 86.

¹⁵⁶ “What Martin Luther King Jr. Means to Me,” Ebony, Jan. 1986, 74–80, 74.

¹⁵⁷ The figures featured in the article were Ralph Abernathy, Evelyn Ashford, Howard Baker, Joseph Cardinal Bernardin, Dorothy Height, Jesse Jackson, T. J. Jemison, Edward Kennedy, Joseph Lowery and Andrew Young.

¹⁵⁸ “The Crusade for a King Holiday,” Ebony, Jan. 1986, 36–38, 36.

¹⁵⁹ “AT & T,” Ebony, Jan. 1986, 55.

¹⁶⁰ “Coors,” Ebony, Jan. 1986, 3.

¹⁶¹ “Greyhound,” Ebony, Jan. 1986, 21.

¹⁶² “McDonalds,” Ebony, Jan. 1986, 33; “7UP,” Ebony, Jan. 1986, 43.

¹⁶³ Baker, “Critical Memory and the Black Public Sphere,” 3.

¹⁶⁴ Dagbovie, African American History Reconsidered, 39.

¹⁶⁵ Daynes, Making Villains, Making Heroes, 63.

¹⁶⁶ “Backstage,” Ebony, June 1980, 30.

¹⁶⁷ Dyson, I May Not Get There With You, 13–14; Fairclough, “Was Martin Luther King a Marxist?” 118; West, The Radical King, xii.